Remote Raman spectroscopy of natural rocks

Genesis Berlanga; Tayro E. Acosta-Maeda; Shiv K. Sharma; John N. Porter; Przemyslaw Dera; Hannah Shelton; G. Jeffrey Taylor; Anupam K. Misra

doi:10.1364/AO.58.008971

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 32,
pp. 8971-8980
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.008971

Remote Raman spectroscopy of natural rocks

Genesis Berlanga, Tayro E. Acosta-Maeda, Shiv K. Sharma, John N. Porter, Przemyslaw Dera, Hannah Shelton, G. Jeffrey Taylor, and Anupam K. Misra

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Genesis Berlanga, Tayro E. Acosta-Maeda, Shiv K. Sharma, John N. Porter, Przemyslaw Dera, Hannah Shelton, G. Jeffrey Taylor, and Anupam K. Misra, "Remote Raman spectroscopy of natural rocks," Appl. Opt. 58, 8971-8980 (2019)

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Abstract

We report the remote Raman spectra of natural igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock samples at a standoff distance of 5 m. High-quality remote Raman spectra of unprepared rocks are necessary for accurate and realistic analysis of future Raman measurements on planetary surfaces such as Mars. Our results display the ability of a portable compact remote Raman system (CRRS) to effectively detect and isolate various light- and dark-colored mineral phases in natural rocks. The CRRS easily detected plagioclase and potassium feldspar end members, quartz, and calcite in rocks with high fluorescence backgrounds. Intermediate feldspars and quartz, when found in rocks with complex mineralogies, exhibited band shifts and broadening in the ${504{-}510}\,\,{{\rm cm}^{ - 1}}$ and ${600{-}1200}\,\,{{\rm cm}^{ - 1}}$ regions. A good approximation of intermediate plagioclase feldspars was possible by using overall Raman spectral shape and assigning other minor Raman peaks in addition to the $ 504{-}510\,\,{{\rm cm}^{ - 1}}$ peaks. Detection of olivine and pyroxene in mafic rocks allowed for compositional characterization.

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Cation	Mineral (formula)	Observed Raman Peaks ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )
Ca	Calcite ( ${C a C O}_{3}$ )	159.4	283.8	712.4	1086	1435	1749
Ca-Fe	Pink Marble [ $C a F e ({C O}_{3})_{2}$ ]	159.4	286	712.4	1086	1437	1749
Ca-Mg	Dolomite Marble [ $C a M g ({C O}_{3})_{2}$ ]	177.7	301.6	724.7	1097	1442	1760
	Symmetry	Eg	Eg	Eg	A1g	Eg	Combination band

Rock	Biotite Gneiss	Tonalite	Nepheline Syenite	Alkalic Granite	Grey Sandstone	Quartz Conglomerate	Red Sandstone	Quartzite	Pyroxenite	Dunite	Orthoclase	Microcline
Formula			$(N a, K)$ ${A I S i O}_{4}$					${S i O}_{2}$	$(C a, N a)$ $(M g, F e, A I, T i)$ $(S i, A I)_{2} O_{6}$	$(M g, F e)_{2} {S i O}_{4}$	${K A I S i}_{3} O_{8}$	${K A I S i}_{3} O_{8}$
a (Angstroms)	4.932964	8.238786	10.015234	4.934592	4.923886	4.9347	4.921953	4.921711	18.306443	4.778417	8.176266	8.594629
+/-	0.002056	0.030751	0.003734	0.004428	0.001506	0.002585	0.000608	0.000593	0.01261	0.001952	0.003758	0.008305
b	4.932964	12.93273	10.015234	4.934592	4.923886	4.9347	4.921953	4.921711	8.85674	10.251157	12.848525	13.010332
+/-		0.034301							0.006255	0.004036	0.003558	0.007579
c	5.416536	7.135026	8.395675	5.414761	5.415882	5.420842	5.414617	5.414345	5.201067	6.010546	7.158585	7.243452
+/-	0.003991	0.021366	0.004152	0.007331	0.002458	0.004277	0.000993	0.001054	0.00414	0.003385	0.003171	0.006952
$α$ (degrees)	90	93.50588	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	94.08863	90.66313
+/-		0.24843									0.03139	0.05989
$β$	90	116.15785	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	116.53464	115.98662
+/-		0.27119									0.03691	0.07846
$γ$	120	90.40357	120	120	120	120	120	120	90	90	88.66065	87.82668
+/-		0.26573									0.03147	0.06619
v (Angstroms ^3)	114.147955	680.608055	729.303758	114.185882	113.714485	114.319145	113.598685	113.5818	843.277033	294.422418	671.07228	727.530862
+/-	0.214507	3.438308	0.552725	0.420399	0.141633	0.245398	0.057167	0.058497	1.176014	0.355498	0.424394	0.984828
Rock	Albite	Oligodase	Andesine	Labradorite	Bytownite	Anorthite	Calcite	Pink Marble	Dolomite	Siderite	Milky Quartz
Formula	NaAISi $_{3}$ O $_{8}$	(Na, Ca)Al $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	(Na, Ca)AI $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	(Na, Ca) $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	(Ca, Na)AI $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	CaAl $_{2}$ Si $_{2}$ O $_{8}$	CaCO $_{3}$	(CaFe(CO $_{3}$ ) $_{2}$ )	(CaMg(CO $_{3}$ ) $_{2}$ )	FeCO $_{3}$	SiO $_{2}$
a (Angstroms)	8.174288	8.183378	8.198722	8.173481	8.189075	8.204633	4.99529	4.990455	4.819775	4.819226	4.92046
+/-	0.006502	0.004023	0.013243	0.009483	0.013925	0.011269	0.000483	0.001315	0.002231	0.001739	0.002621
b	12.873671	12.85317	12.908695	12.91306	12.895838	12.916101	4.99529	4.990455	4.819775	4.819226	4.92046
+/-	0.00614	0.004683	0.010414	0.010829	0.014	0.018276
c	7.141906	7.157863	7.138143	7.131378	14.183646	14.225405	17.076196	17.055217	16.096948	16.088341	5.417164
+/-	0.005419	0.003595	0.009708	0.009171	0.024029	0.019931	0.002334	0.00635	0.010657	0.0083	0.004543
$α$ (degrees)	93.8283	93.89555	93.62795	93.6674	93.46702	93.16938	90	90	90	90	90
+/-	0.05912	0.03665	0.10459	0.09323	0.1238	0.10869
$β$	116.4035	116.47677	116.13475	116.3499	115.9255	116.00778	90	90	90	90	90
+/-	0.0645	0.04331	0.12113	0.1022	0.14468	0.113
$γ$	89.1156	88.83956	89.63235	89.70035	90.61581	91.02879	120	120	120	120	120
+/-	0.05726	0.03524	0.11092	0.08732	0.14566	0.10002
v/ (Angstroms ^3)	671.577502	672.3159	676.672587	672.8682	1343.503918	1351.266994	369.014277	367.847807	323.837955	323.590975	113.583159
+/-	0.729901	0.48076	1.391916	1.178401	3.209779	3.049604	0.114779	0.312085	0.505758	0.393943	0.254842

Cation	Mineral (formula)	Observed Raman Peaks ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ )
Ca	Calcite ( ${C a C O}_{3}$ )	159.4	283.8	712.4	1086	1435	1749
Ca-Fe	Pink Marble [ $C a F e ({C O}_{3})_{2}$ ]	159.4	286	712.4	1086	1437	1749
Ca-Mg	Dolomite Marble [ $C a M g ({C O}_{3})_{2}$ ]	177.7	301.6	724.7	1097	1442	1760
	Symmetry	Eg	Eg	Eg	A1g	Eg	Combination band

Rock	Biotite Gneiss	Tonalite	Nepheline Syenite	Alkalic Granite	Grey Sandstone	Quartz Conglomerate	Red Sandstone	Quartzite	Pyroxenite	Dunite	Orthoclase	Microcline
Formula			$(N a, K)$ ${A I S i O}_{4}$					${S i O}_{2}$	$(C a, N a)$ $(M g, F e, A I, T i)$ $(S i, A I)_{2} O_{6}$	$(M g, F e)_{2} {S i O}_{4}$	${K A I S i}_{3} O_{8}$	${K A I S i}_{3} O_{8}$
a (Angstroms)	4.932964	8.238786	10.015234	4.934592	4.923886	4.9347	4.921953	4.921711	18.306443	4.778417	8.176266	8.594629
+/-	0.002056	0.030751	0.003734	0.004428	0.001506	0.002585	0.000608	0.000593	0.01261	0.001952	0.003758	0.008305
b	4.932964	12.93273	10.015234	4.934592	4.923886	4.9347	4.921953	4.921711	8.85674	10.251157	12.848525	13.010332
+/-		0.034301							0.006255	0.004036	0.003558	0.007579
c	5.416536	7.135026	8.395675	5.414761	5.415882	5.420842	5.414617	5.414345	5.201067	6.010546	7.158585	7.243452
+/-	0.003991	0.021366	0.004152	0.007331	0.002458	0.004277	0.000993	0.001054	0.00414	0.003385	0.003171	0.006952
$α$ (degrees)	90	93.50588	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	94.08863	90.66313
+/-		0.24843									0.03139	0.05989
$β$	90	116.15785	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	116.53464	115.98662
+/-		0.27119									0.03691	0.07846
$γ$	120	90.40357	120	120	120	120	120	120	90	90	88.66065	87.82668
+/-		0.26573									0.03147	0.06619
v (Angstroms ^3)	114.147955	680.608055	729.303758	114.185882	113.714485	114.319145	113.598685	113.5818	843.277033	294.422418	671.07228	727.530862
+/-	0.214507	3.438308	0.552725	0.420399	0.141633	0.245398	0.057167	0.058497	1.176014	0.355498	0.424394	0.984828
Rock	Albite	Oligodase	Andesine	Labradorite	Bytownite	Anorthite	Calcite	Pink Marble	Dolomite	Siderite	Milky Quartz
Formula	NaAISi $_{3}$ O $_{8}$	(Na, Ca)Al $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	(Na, Ca)AI $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	(Na, Ca) $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	(Ca, Na)AI $_{1 - 2}$ Si $_{3 - 2}$ O $_{8}$	CaAl $_{2}$ Si $_{2}$ O $_{8}$	CaCO $_{3}$	(CaFe(CO $_{3}$ ) $_{2}$ )	(CaMg(CO $_{3}$ ) $_{2}$ )	FeCO $_{3}$	SiO $_{2}$
a (Angstroms)	8.174288	8.183378	8.198722	8.173481	8.189075	8.204633	4.99529	4.990455	4.819775	4.819226	4.92046
+/-	0.006502	0.004023	0.013243	0.009483	0.013925	0.011269	0.000483	0.001315	0.002231	0.001739	0.002621
b	12.873671	12.85317	12.908695	12.91306	12.895838	12.916101	4.99529	4.990455	4.819775	4.819226	4.92046
+/-	0.00614	0.004683	0.010414	0.010829	0.014	0.018276
c	7.141906	7.157863	7.138143	7.131378	14.183646	14.225405	17.076196	17.055217	16.096948	16.088341	5.417164
+/-	0.005419	0.003595	0.009708	0.009171	0.024029	0.019931	0.002334	0.00635	0.010657	0.0083	0.004543
$α$ (degrees)	93.8283	93.89555	93.62795	93.6674	93.46702	93.16938	90	90	90	90	90
+/-	0.05912	0.03665	0.10459	0.09323	0.1238	0.10869
$β$	116.4035	116.47677	116.13475	116.3499	115.9255	116.00778	90	90	90	90	90
+/-	0.0645	0.04331	0.12113	0.1022	0.14468	0.113
$γ$	89.1156	88.83956	89.63235	89.70035	90.61581	91.02879	120	120	120	120	120
+/-	0.05726	0.03524	0.11092	0.08732	0.14566	0.10002
v/ (Angstroms ^3)	671.577502	672.3159	676.672587	672.8682	1343.503918	1351.266994	369.014277	367.847807	323.837955	323.590975	113.583159
+/-	0.729901	0.48076	1.391916	1.178401	3.209779	3.049604	0.114779	0.312085	0.505758	0.393943	0.254842

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Applied Optics