Compact gas refractometer based on a tapered four-core fiber

Zhihua Shao; Xueguang Qiao; Qiangzhou Rong

doi:10.1364/AO.57.010198

Applied Optics
Vol. 57,
Issue 35,
pp. 10198-10206
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.010198

Compact gas refractometer based on a tapered four-core fiber

Zhihua Shao, Xueguang Qiao, and Qiangzhou Rong

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Zhihua Shao, Xueguang Qiao, and Qiangzhou Rong, "Compact gas refractometer based on a tapered four-core fiber," Appl. Opt. 57, 10198-10206 (2018)

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- Fiber Optics, Fiber Sensors, and Optical Communications
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 14, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: November 1, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: November 5, 2018
- Published: December 6, 2018

Abstract

A compact in-line interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for gas refractive index (GRI) measurement. The sensor comprises a tapered four-core fiber (TFCF) sandwiched between two single-mode fibers (SMFs), forming an in-line SMF–TFCF–SMF structure. The fiber taper acts as a bridge between the external GRI variation and the multimode interference within the TFCF segment. A high sensitivity of 1280.94 dB/refractive index unit is obtained in GRI measurement around 1.0. Temperature change only shifts the interference wavelength, and the cross-sensitivity of temperature can be ignored by intensity demodulation. The proposed gas refractometer, with its improved performance, can be a good candidate for chemical sensing or bio-sensing.

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Performance	Taper 1	Taper 2
Taper diameter	16.7 μm	8.2 μm
Extinction ratio	14.1 dB	10.3 dB
Transmission loss	−25.7 dBm	−21.4 dBm
Dip width	2.1 nm	1 nm
Free spectral range	4.6 nm	3.8 nm
GRI sensitivity	959.6 dB/RIU	1280.94 dB/RIU

Sensing Structure	Fabrication Method	Resolution/Sensitivity	Detecting Range	Signal Demodulation	Reference
SMF–TFCF–SMF	Fiber splicing and tapering	$7.6 \times 10^{- 7} / 1280.94 dB / RIU$	Around 1.0	Intensity	Fig. 1
SMF–Slotted PCF–SMF	Fiber offset splicing and femtosecond micromachining	−827.94 dB/RIU	Around 1.0	Intensity	[20]
SMF–FCF–SMF	Fiber splicing	$5.4 \times 10^{- 4}$	1.3388–1.3981	Wavelength	[22]
SMF–TFCF–SMF	Fiber splicing and tapering	$2.9 \times 10^{- 4}$	1.3448–1.3774	Wavelength	[23]
S-taper fiber tailored FBG	Fiber splicing, S tapering, and FBG inscription	172.7 dB/RIU	Around 1.0	Intensity	[24]
SMF tip with air cavity	Fiber splicing and femtosecond micromachining	27 dB/RIU	1.33–1.441	Intensity	[38]
SMF–MMF	Fiber splicing	94.58 dB/RIU	1.3148–1.3534	Intensity	[39]
SMF–MMF	Fiber splicing	−110 dB/RIU	Below 1.33	Intensity	[40]
SMF–TCF	Fiber offset splicing	−202.46 dB/RIU	1.30–1.43	Intensity	[41]
TFBG-SPP^a	TFBG inscription and gold film coating	$1.0 \times 10^{- 8}$	Around 1.0	Intensity	[42]

Performance	Taper 1	Taper 2
Taper diameter	16.7 μm	8.2 μm
Extinction ratio	14.1 dB	10.3 dB
Transmission loss	−25.7 dBm	−21.4 dBm
Dip width	2.1 nm	1 nm
Free spectral range	4.6 nm	3.8 nm
GRI sensitivity	959.6 dB/RIU	1280.94 dB/RIU

Sensing Structure	Fabrication Method	Resolution/Sensitivity	Detecting Range	Signal Demodulation	Reference
SMF–TFCF–SMF	Fiber splicing and tapering	$7.6 \times 10^{- 7} / 1280.94 dB / RIU$	Around 1.0	Intensity	Fig. 1
SMF–Slotted PCF–SMF	Fiber offset splicing and femtosecond micromachining	−827.94 dB/RIU	Around 1.0	Intensity	[20]
SMF–FCF–SMF	Fiber splicing	$5.4 \times 10^{- 4}$	1.3388–1.3981	Wavelength	[22]
SMF–TFCF–SMF	Fiber splicing and tapering	$2.9 \times 10^{- 4}$	1.3448–1.3774	Wavelength	[23]
S-taper fiber tailored FBG	Fiber splicing, S tapering, and FBG inscription	172.7 dB/RIU	Around 1.0	Intensity	[24]
SMF tip with air cavity	Fiber splicing and femtosecond micromachining	27 dB/RIU	1.33–1.441	Intensity	[38]
SMF–MMF	Fiber splicing	94.58 dB/RIU	1.3148–1.3534	Intensity	[39]
SMF–MMF	Fiber splicing	−110 dB/RIU	Below 1.33	Intensity	[40]
SMF–TCF	Fiber offset splicing	−202.46 dB/RIU	1.30–1.43	Intensity	[41]
TFBG-SPP^a	TFBG inscription and gold film coating	$1.0 \times 10^{- 8}$	Around 1.0	Intensity	[42]

Abstract

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Equations (10)

Applied Optics