Light sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging for the primary breakup of diesel and gasoline sprays with real-world fuels

Alexander Durst; Michael Wensing; Edouard Berrocal

doi:10.1364/AO.57.002704

Applied Optics
Vol. 57,
Issue 10,
pp. 2704-2714
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.002704

Light sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging for the primary breakup of diesel and gasoline sprays with real-world fuels

Alexander Durst, Michael Wensing, and Edouard Berrocal

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Alexander Durst, Michael Wensing, and Edouard Berrocal, "Light sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging for the primary breakup of diesel and gasoline sprays with real-world fuels," Appl. Opt. 57, 2704-2714 (2018)

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Abstract

This paper describes the adaptation of the laser-induced fluorescence measurement technique for the investigation of the primary breakup of modern diesel and gasoline direct injection sprays. To investigate the primary breakup, a microscopic technique is required, and with the help of special tracer dyes, a high fluorescence signal can be achieved in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, resulting in good image quality with a nonintensified camera. Besides the optimization of the optical setup for the microscopic field of view, different tracer dyes are compared, and their solubility and fluorescence are tested in the desired surrogate and real-world fuels. As a tracer, the phenoxazine dye Nile Red was found to provide sufficient solubility in alkanes as well as suitable emission and excitation spectrum for the use of the second-harmonic frequency of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The good quantum efficiency delivered by Nile Red also meant that single-shot images clearly showing spray structures in regions measuring up to 3 mm by 3 mm around the nozzle outlet could be recorded. Compared to relatively easy shadowgraph techniques and complex and costly x-ray synchrotron measurements, light sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging is not overly complex yet delivers excellent data on spray structures as well as qualitative fuel distribution.

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Tracer	PAW [nm]	PEW [nm]	Substance Class	Polarity	Hazard
Eosin Y	525 [13]	543 [13]	Xanthen [13]	Polar	slight [12]
Rubrene	538 [14]	555 [14]	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [15]	Nonpolar	slight [15]
Macrolex	535 [16]	584 [16]	Coumarin [16]	Slightly polar	none [17]
Nile Red	484–591 [18]	529–657 [18]	Pheno-xazin [18]	Slightly polar	none [19]
Rhodamine 6G	530 [20]	552 [20]	Xanthen [20]	Polar	High [21]
Rhodamine B	543 [22]	565 [22]	Xanthen [22]	Polar	High [23]

Tracer	Solubility Ethanol	Fluorescence Ethanol	Solubility n-Heptane	Fluorescence n-Heptane	Solubility Calibration Fluid	Fluorescence Calibration Fluid
Eosin Y salt	+	+	–	x	–	x
Eosin salt + 10 vol.%/20 vo.l% propanol	x	x	o	o	o	o
Eosin Y free acid + 10 vol.% propanol	x	x	–	–	–	o
Rubrene	x	x	+	–	x	x
Macrolex	x	x	o	–	+	−
Nile Red + 1 vol.%/2 vol% ethanol	x	x	+	o	+	+

Tracer Fuel Mixture	Relative Fluorescence $f$	Absorption Coefficient $ϵ$
Ethanol with eosin Y	1	2.71
80 vol.% n-heptane + 20 vol.% propanol with eosin Y	0.35	0.28
n-heptane with 0.5 vol.% ethanol	0.24	0.15
n-heptane with 1.0 vol.% ethanol	0.29	0.23
n-heptane with 2.0 vol.% ethanol	0.31	0.27
n-heptane with 4.0 vol.% ethanol	0.34	0.39
n-heptane with 6.0 vol.% ethanol	0.35	0.43
Calibration fluid with Nile Red	0.71	1.43
90 vol.% calibration fluid + 10 vol.% propanol with eosin Y	0.26	0.18
Gasoline with Nile Red	0.88	2.06
Diesel with Nile Red	0.85	1.73

Tracer	PAW [nm]	PEW [nm]	Substance Class	Polarity	Hazard
Eosin Y	525 [13]	543 [13]	Xanthen [13]	Polar	slight [12]
Rubrene	538 [14]	555 [14]	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [15]	Nonpolar	slight [15]
Macrolex	535 [16]	584 [16]	Coumarin [16]	Slightly polar	none [17]
Nile Red	484–591 [18]	529–657 [18]	Pheno-xazin [18]	Slightly polar	none [19]
Rhodamine 6G	530 [20]	552 [20]	Xanthen [20]	Polar	High [21]
Rhodamine B	543 [22]	565 [22]	Xanthen [22]	Polar	High [23]

Tracer	Solubility Ethanol	Fluorescence Ethanol	Solubility n-Heptane	Fluorescence n-Heptane	Solubility Calibration Fluid	Fluorescence Calibration Fluid
Eosin Y salt	+	+	–	x	–	x
Eosin salt + 10 vol.%/20 vo.l% propanol	x	x	o	o	o	o
Eosin Y free acid + 10 vol.% propanol	x	x	–	–	–	o
Rubrene	x	x	+	–	x	x
Macrolex	x	x	o	–	+	−
Nile Red + 1 vol.%/2 vol% ethanol	x	x	+	o	+	+

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Applied Optics