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Nonlinear diffusion model for annealed proton-exchanged waveguides in zirconium-doped lithium niobate

Carsten Langrock, Rostislav V. Roussev, Giovanni Nava, Paolo Minzioni, Nicola Argiolas, Cinzia Sada, and Martin M. Fejer

Abstract

Photorefractive-damage- (PRD) resistant zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate is investigated as a substrate for the realization of annealed proton-exchanged (APE) waveguides. Its advantages are a favorable distribution coefficient, PRD resistance comparable to magnesium-oxide-doped lithium niobate, and a proton-diffusion behavior resembling congruent lithium niobate. A 1D model for APE waveguides was developed based on a previous model for congruently melting lithium niobate. Evidence for a nonlinear index dependence on concentration was found.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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