Design of ultrahigh brightness solar-pumped disk laser

T. H. Dinh, T. Ohkubo, T. Yabe, and H. Kuboyama, “120 watt continuous wave solar-pumped laser with a liquid light-guide lens and a Nd:YAG rod,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2670–2672 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Almeida, D. Liang, and E. Guillot, “Improvement in solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser beam brightness,” Opt. Laser Technol. 44, 2115–2119 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Liang and J. Almeida, “Highly efficient solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 19, 26399–26405 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

D. Graham-Rowe, “Solar-powered lasers,” Nat. Photonics 4, 64–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

Z. Bin, C. Zhao, J. He, and S. Yang, “The study of active medium for solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” Acta Opt. Sin. 27, 1797–1801 (2007).

A. Giesen and J. Speiser, “Fifteen years of work on thin-disk lasers: results and scaling laws,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 598–609 (2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

P. H. Bernardes and D. Liang, “Solid-state laser pumping by light-guides,” Appl. Opt. 45, 3811–3816 (2006).
[Crossref]

A. Sträßer and M. Ostermeyer, “Improving the brightness of side pumped power amplifiers by using core-doped ceramic rods,” Opt. Express 14, 6687–6693 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Yagi, J. F. Bisson, K. Ueda, and T. Yanagitani, “Y3Al5O12 ceramic absorbers for the suppression of parasitic oscillation in high-power Nd:YAG lasers,” J. Lumin. 121, 88–94(2006).
[Crossref]

M. Ostermeyer and I. Brandenburg, “Simulation of the extraction of near diffraction limited Gaussian beams from side pumped core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG and conventional laser rods,” Opt. Express 13, 10145–10156 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Lando, J. Kagan, B. Linyekin, and V. Dobrusin, “A solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser in the high collection efficiency regime,” Opt. Commun. 222, 371–381 (2003).
[Crossref]

G. Zhou, D. Zhao, J. Xu, and S. Wang, “Semiconductor laser with beam quality factor M2<1,” Opt. Commun. 187, 395–399 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

T. Brand, “Compact 170 W continuous-wave diode-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser with a cusp-shaped reflector,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1776–1778 (1995).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

V. Krupkin, J. A. Kagan, and A. Yogev, “Nonimaging optics and solar laser pumping at the Weizmann Institute,” Proc. SPIE 2016, 50–60 (1993).
[Crossref]

M. Weksler and J. Shwartz, “Solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1222–1228 (1988).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

W. Koechner, “Thermal lensing in Nd:YAG laser rod,” Appl. Opt. 9, 2548–2553 (1970).
[Crossref]

C. W. Young, “A sun-pumped cw one-watt laser,” Appl. Opt. 5, 993–997 (1966).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Almeida, D. Liang, and E. Guillot, “Improvement in solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser beam brightness,” Opt. Laser Technol. 44, 2115–2119 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Liang and J. Almeida, “Highly efficient solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 19, 26399–26405 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

P. H. Bernardes and D. Liang, “Solid-state laser pumping by light-guides,” Appl. Opt. 45, 3811–3816 (2006).
[Crossref]

Z. Bin, C. Zhao, J. He, and S. Yang, “The study of active medium for solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” Acta Opt. Sin. 27, 1797–1801 (2007).

H. Yagi, J. F. Bisson, K. Ueda, and T. Yanagitani, “Y3Al5O12 ceramic absorbers for the suppression of parasitic oscillation in high-power Nd:YAG lasers,” J. Lumin. 121, 88–94(2006).
[Crossref]

T. Brand, “Compact 170 W continuous-wave diode-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser with a cusp-shaped reflector,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1776–1778 (1995).
[Crossref]

M. Ostermeyer and I. Brandenburg, “Simulation of the extraction of near diffraction limited Gaussian beams from side pumped core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG and conventional laser rods,” Opt. Express 13, 10145–10156 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. H. Dinh, T. Ohkubo, T. Yabe, and H. Kuboyama, “120 watt continuous wave solar-pumped laser with a liquid light-guide lens and a Nd:YAG rod,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2670–2672 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Lando, J. Kagan, B. Linyekin, and V. Dobrusin, “A solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser in the high collection efficiency regime,” Opt. Commun. 222, 371–381 (2003).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen and J. Speiser, “Fifteen years of work on thin-disk lasers: results and scaling laws,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 598–609 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

D. Graham-Rowe, “Solar-powered lasers,” Nat. Photonics 4, 64–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Almeida, D. Liang, and E. Guillot, “Improvement in solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser beam brightness,” Opt. Laser Technol. 44, 2115–2119 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

Z. Bin, C. Zhao, J. He, and S. Yang, “The study of active medium for solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” Acta Opt. Sin. 27, 1797–1801 (2007).

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

M. Lando, J. Kagan, B. Linyekin, and V. Dobrusin, “A solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser in the high collection efficiency regime,” Opt. Commun. 222, 371–381 (2003).
[Crossref]

V. Krupkin, J. A. Kagan, and A. Yogev, “Nonimaging optics and solar laser pumping at the Weizmann Institute,” Proc. SPIE 2016, 50–60 (1993).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

W. Koechner, “Thermal lensing in Nd:YAG laser rod,” Appl. Opt. 9, 2548–2553 (1970).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

V. Krupkin, J. A. Kagan, and A. Yogev, “Nonimaging optics and solar laser pumping at the Weizmann Institute,” Proc. SPIE 2016, 50–60 (1993).
[Crossref]

T. H. Dinh, T. Ohkubo, T. Yabe, and H. Kuboyama, “120 watt continuous wave solar-pumped laser with a liquid light-guide lens and a Nd:YAG rod,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2670–2672 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Lando, J. Kagan, B. Linyekin, and V. Dobrusin, “A solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser in the high collection efficiency regime,” Opt. Commun. 222, 371–381 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Almeida, D. Liang, and E. Guillot, “Improvement in solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser beam brightness,” Opt. Laser Technol. 44, 2115–2119 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Liang and J. Almeida, “Highly efficient solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 19, 26399–26405 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

P. H. Bernardes and D. Liang, “Solid-state laser pumping by light-guides,” Appl. Opt. 45, 3811–3816 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Lando, J. Kagan, B. Linyekin, and V. Dobrusin, “A solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser in the high collection efficiency regime,” Opt. Commun. 222, 371–381 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. H. Dinh, T. Ohkubo, T. Yabe, and H. Kuboyama, “120 watt continuous wave solar-pumped laser with a liquid light-guide lens and a Nd:YAG rod,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2670–2672 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

A. Sträßer and M. Ostermeyer, “Improving the brightness of side pumped power amplifiers by using core-doped ceramic rods,” Opt. Express 14, 6687–6693 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Ostermeyer and I. Brandenburg, “Simulation of the extraction of near diffraction limited Gaussian beams from side pumped core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG and conventional laser rods,” Opt. Express 13, 10145–10156 (2005).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Weksler and J. Shwartz, “Solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1222–1228 (1988).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen and J. Speiser, “Fifteen years of work on thin-disk lasers: results and scaling laws,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 598–609 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. Sträßer and M. Ostermeyer, “Improving the brightness of side pumped power amplifiers by using core-doped ceramic rods,” Opt. Express 14, 6687–6693 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Yagi, J. F. Bisson, K. Ueda, and T. Yanagitani, “Y3Al5O12 ceramic absorbers for the suppression of parasitic oscillation in high-power Nd:YAG lasers,” J. Lumin. 121, 88–94(2006).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Zhou, D. Zhao, J. Xu, and S. Wang, “Semiconductor laser with beam quality factor M2<1,” Opt. Commun. 187, 395–399 (2001).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Weksler and J. Shwartz, “Solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1222–1228 (1988).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Zhou, D. Zhao, J. Xu, and S. Wang, “Semiconductor laser with beam quality factor M2<1,” Opt. Commun. 187, 395–399 (2001).
[Crossref]

T. H. Dinh, T. Ohkubo, T. Yabe, and H. Kuboyama, “120 watt continuous wave solar-pumped laser with a liquid light-guide lens and a Nd:YAG rod,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2670–2672 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Yagi, J. F. Bisson, K. Ueda, and T. Yanagitani, “Y3Al5O12 ceramic absorbers for the suppression of parasitic oscillation in high-power Nd:YAG lasers,” J. Lumin. 121, 88–94(2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Yagi, J. F. Bisson, K. Ueda, and T. Yanagitani, “Y3Al5O12 ceramic absorbers for the suppression of parasitic oscillation in high-power Nd:YAG lasers,” J. Lumin. 121, 88–94(2006).
[Crossref]

Z. Bin, C. Zhao, J. He, and S. Yang, “The study of active medium for solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” Acta Opt. Sin. 27, 1797–1801 (2007).

V. Krupkin, J. A. Kagan, and A. Yogev, “Nonimaging optics and solar laser pumping at the Weizmann Institute,” Proc. SPIE 2016, 50–60 (1993).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

C. W. Young, “A sun-pumped cw one-watt laser,” Appl. Opt. 5, 993–997 (1966).
[Crossref]

Z. Bin, C. Zhao, J. He, and S. Yang, “The study of active medium for solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” Acta Opt. Sin. 27, 1797–1801 (2007).

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Zhou, D. Zhao, J. Xu, and S. Wang, “Semiconductor laser with beam quality factor M2<1,” Opt. Commun. 187, 395–399 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Zhou, D. Zhao, J. Xu, and S. Wang, “Semiconductor laser with beam quality factor M2<1,” Opt. Commun. 187, 395–399 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

Z. Bin, C. Zhao, J. He, and S. Yang, “The study of active medium for solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” Acta Opt. Sin. 27, 1797–1801 (2007).

C. W. Young, “A sun-pumped cw one-watt laser,” Appl. Opt. 5, 993–997 (1966).
[Crossref]

W. Koechner, “Thermal lensing in Nd:YAG laser rod,” Appl. Opt. 9, 2548–2553 (1970).
[Crossref]

P. H. Bernardes and D. Liang, “Solid-state laser pumping by light-guides,” Appl. Opt. 45, 3811–3816 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Denis, S. Hahn, S. Mebben, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Compact diode stack end pumped Nd:YAG amplifier using core doped ceramics,” Appl. Opt. 49, 811–816 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Pereira, B. Weichelt, D. Liang, P. Morais, H. Gouveia, M. Abdou-Ahmed, A. Voss, and T. Graf “Efficient pump beam shaping for high-power thin-disk laser systems,” Appl. Opt. 49, 5157–5162 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen, H. Hügel, A. Voss, K. Wittig, U. Brauch, and H. Opower, “Scalable concept for diode-pumped high-power solid-state lasers,” Appl. Phys. B 58, 365–372 (1994).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, S. Uchida, K. Ikuta, K. Yoshida, C. Baasandash, M. S. Mohamed, Y. Sakurai, Y. Ogata, M. Tuji, Y. Mori, Y. Satoh, T. Ohkubo, M. Murahara, A. Ikesue, M. Nakatsuka, T. Saiki, S. Motokoshi, and C. Yamanaka, “Demonstrated fossil-fuel-free energy cycle using magnesium and laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261107 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Yabe, T. Ohkubo, S. Uchida, K. Yoshida, M. Nakatsuka, T. Funatsu, A. Mabuti, A. Oyama, K. Nakagawa, T. Oishi, K. Daito, B. Behgol, Y. Nakayama, M. Yoshida, S. Motokoshi, Y. Sato, and C. Baasandash, “High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium co-doped laser medium,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 261120(2007).
[Crossref]

M. Weksler and J. Shwartz, “Solar-pumped solid-state lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 1222–1228 (1988).
[Crossref]

A. Giesen and J. Speiser, “Fifteen years of work on thin-disk lasers: results and scaling laws,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 598–609 (2007).
[Crossref]

H. Yagi, J. F. Bisson, K. Ueda, and T. Yanagitani, “Y3Al5O12 ceramic absorbers for the suppression of parasitic oscillation in high-power Nd:YAG lasers,” J. Lumin. 121, 88–94(2006).
[Crossref]

H. Arashi, Y. Oka, N. Sasahara, A. Kaimai, and M. Ishigame, “A solar-pumped cw 18 W Nd:YAG laser,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1051–1053 (1984).
[Crossref]

D. Graham-Rowe, “Solar-powered lasers,” Nat. Photonics 4, 64–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Lando, J. Kagan, B. Linyekin, and V. Dobrusin, “A solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser in the high collection efficiency regime,” Opt. Commun. 222, 371–381 (2003).
[Crossref]

G. Zhou, D. Zhao, J. Xu, and S. Wang, “Semiconductor laser with beam quality factor M2<1,” Opt. Commun. 187, 395–399 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. Wang, D. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Zhou, F. Huang, and J. Xu, “Demonstration for optical beam qualities of quantum well lasers,” Opt. Commun. 194, 425–428 (2001).
[Crossref]

D. Liang and J. Almeida, “Highly efficient solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser,” Opt. Express 19, 26399–26405 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. Huß, R. Wilhelm, C. Kolleck, J. Neumann, and D. Kracht, “Suppression of parasitic oscillations in a core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG laser by Sm:YAG cladding,” Opt. Express 18, 13094–13101 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Sträßer and M. Ostermeyer, “Improving the brightness of side pumped power amplifiers by using core-doped ceramic rods,” Opt. Express 14, 6687–6693 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Frede, R. Wilhelm, M. Brendel, C. Fallnich, F. Seifert, B. Willke, and K. Danzmann, “High power fundamental mode Nd:YAG laser with efficient birefringence compensation,” Opt. Express 12, 3581–3859 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Ostermeyer and I. Brandenburg, “Simulation of the extraction of near diffraction limited Gaussian beams from side pumped core-doped ceramic Nd:YAG and conventional laser rods,” Opt. Express 13, 10145–10156 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Almeida, D. Liang, and E. Guillot, “Improvement in solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser beam brightness,” Opt. Laser Technol. 44, 2115–2119 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Brand, “Compact 170 W continuous-wave diode-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser with a cusp-shaped reflector,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1776–1778 (1995).
[Crossref]

T. H. Dinh, T. Ohkubo, T. Yabe, and H. Kuboyama, “120 watt continuous wave solar-pumped laser with a liquid light-guide lens and a Nd:YAG rod,” Opt. Lett. 37, 2670–2672 (2012).
[Crossref]

V. Krupkin, J. A. Kagan, and A. Yogev, “Nonimaging optics and solar laser pumping at the Weizmann Institute,” Proc. SPIE 2016, 50–60 (1993).
[Crossref]

ASTM Standard G159-98, “Standard Tables for References Solar Spectral Irradiance at Air Mass 1.5: Direct Normal and Hemispherical for a 37° Tilted Surface” (1998), withdrawn 2005, replaced with G173.