Nonoxide Chalcogenide Glasses as Infrared Optical Materials

A. Ray Hilton

doi:10.1364/AO.5.001877

Applied Optics
Vol. 5,
Issue 12,
pp. 1877-1882
(1966)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.5.001877

Nonoxide Chalcogenide Glasses as Infrared Optical Materials

A. Ray Hilton

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A. Ray Hilton, "Nonoxide Chalcogenide Glasses as Infrared Optical Materials," Appl. Opt. 5, 1877-1882 (1966)

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Abstract

In recent years, glassy systems based on the group VI A elements S, Se, or Te in combination with group IV A and group V A elements or V A elements alone, have been investigated as potential sources for new ir optical materials. The results obtained in the qualitative evaluation of glasses from many systems reported in the literature are given. Several specific compositions from different glass systems have been prepared in amounts large enough to allow quantitative evaluation of optical and related physical properties. The magnitudes of the parameters that describe the properties of chalcogenide glasses are discussed and compared to those of other ir optical materials. The methods currently used to compound the glass compositions are given and problems associated with fabrication are briefly discussed. Three potential sources of limited quantities of chalcogenide glasses are given.

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System	Softening point °C	Refractive index at ~5 μ	Absorption		Reference
System	Softening point °C	Refractive index at ~5 μ	3–5	8–14	Reference
As–S	200	2.4	W	M	1,2,3
As–Se	200	2.8	—	W	4,6
Ge–S	420	2.3	W	S	8,12
Ge–Se	360	2.6	—	S	8,11
Si–P–Te	180	3.4	—	M	8
Si–Sb–Se	270	3.3	S	S	8
Si–Sb–S	280	—	S	S	8
Ge–P–Se	420	2.4–2.6	M	S	8
Ge–P–S	520	2.0–2.3	W	S	8
Si–As–Te	475	2.9–3.1	—	M	7
Ge–As–Te	270	3.5	—	—	9,15
Ge–P–Te	380	3.5	—	—	9,15
Ge–As–Se	450	—	—	M	5,11
Ge–Sb–Se	325	2.6	—	—	10
As–Se–Te	200	2.6–3.1	—	M	5
As–S–Se–Te	195	2.1–2.9	—	M	5
Si–Ge–As–Te	325	3.1	—	M	9

Sample number	Chemical composition	Transmission range (microns)	Refractive index at 5 μ N	Thermal change in refractive index at $5 μ \frac{Δ N}{Λ T ° C} \times 10^{6}$	Softening point, °C	Thermal coefficient of expansion $\frac{Δ L}{L ° C} \times 10^{6}$	Hardness (Knoop)	Young’s modulus psi × 10⁻⁶	Reference
1	Si₂₅As₂₅Te₅₀	2–9	2.93	+100+	317	13	167	—	9
2	Ge₁₀As₂₀Te₇₀	2–20	3.55	—	178	18	111	—	9
3	Si₁₅Ge₁₀As₂₅Te₅₀	2–12.5	3.06	+169+	320	10	179	—	9
4	Ge₃₀P₁₀S₆₀	2–8	2.15	—	520	15	185	—	9
5	Ge₄₀S₆₀	0.9–12	2.30	—	420	14	179	—	9
6	Ge₂₈Sb₁₂Se₆₀	1–15	2.62	+80+	326	15	150	4.2	21
7	As₅₀S₂₀Se₃₀	1–13	2.53	—	218	20	121	2.1	5
8	As₅₀S₂₀S₂₀Te₁₀	1–13	2.51	—	195	27	94	1.5	5
9	As₃₅S₁₀Se₃₅Te₂₀	1–12	2.70	—	176	25	106	2.5	5
10	As_38.7Se_61.3	1–15	2.79	—	202	19	114	2.5	4
11	As₈Se₉₂	1–19	2.48	—	70	34	—	—	22
12	As₄₀S₆₀(As₂S₃)	1–11	2.41	−10+	210	25	109	2.3	22
13	Si	1.2–15	3.42	+168	1420±	4.0	1150	19.0	22
14	Ge	2–23	4.02	+280	942±	5.5	—	15.0	22
15	BaF₂	0.2–15	1.45	—	1280	18.4	82	7.7	22
16	NaCl*	0.2–26	1.52	−25	803	44	17	5.8	22
17	Irtran 2	1–14.5	2.24	—	800±	6.9	354	14	22,23
18	Irtran 4	0.5–20	2.43	+50+	1520±	7.7	150	10	22,23
19	Optical glasses	0.2–3	1.5	—	700	8–9	300–600	7–10	23

System	Softening point °C	Refractive index at ~5 μ	Absorption		Reference
System	Softening point °C	Refractive index at ~5 μ	3–5	8–14	Reference
As–S	200	2.4	W	M	1,2,3
As–Se	200	2.8	—	W	4,6
Ge–S	420	2.3	W	S	8,12
Ge–Se	360	2.6	—	S	8,11
Si–P–Te	180	3.4	—	M	8
Si–Sb–Se	270	3.3	S	S	8
Si–Sb–S	280	—	S	S	8
Ge–P–Se	420	2.4–2.6	M	S	8
Ge–P–S	520	2.0–2.3	W	S	8
Si–As–Te	475	2.9–3.1	—	M	7
Ge–As–Te	270	3.5	—	—	9,15
Ge–P–Te	380	3.5	—	—	9,15
Ge–As–Se	450	—	—	M	5,11
Ge–Sb–Se	325	2.6	—	—	10
As–Se–Te	200	2.6–3.1	—	M	5
As–S–Se–Te	195	2.1–2.9	—	M	5
Si–Ge–As–Te	325	3.1	—	M	9

Sample number	Chemical composition	Transmission range (microns)	Refractive index at 5 μ N	Thermal change in refractive index at $5 μ \frac{Δ N}{Λ T ° C} \times 10^{6}$	Softening point, °C	Thermal coefficient of expansion $\frac{Δ L}{L ° C} \times 10^{6}$	Hardness (Knoop)	Young’s modulus psi × 10⁻⁶	Reference
1	Si₂₅As₂₅Te₅₀	2–9	2.93	+100+	317	13	167	—	9
2	Ge₁₀As₂₀Te₇₀	2–20	3.55	—	178	18	111	—	9
3	Si₁₅Ge₁₀As₂₅Te₅₀	2–12.5	3.06	+169+	320	10	179	—	9
4	Ge₃₀P₁₀S₆₀	2–8	2.15	—	520	15	185	—	9
5	Ge₄₀S₆₀	0.9–12	2.30	—	420	14	179	—	9
6	Ge₂₈Sb₁₂Se₆₀	1–15	2.62	+80+	326	15	150	4.2	21
7	As₅₀S₂₀Se₃₀	1–13	2.53	—	218	20	121	2.1	5
8	As₅₀S₂₀S₂₀Te₁₀	1–13	2.51	—	195	27	94	1.5	5
9	As₃₅S₁₀Se₃₅Te₂₀	1–12	2.70	—	176	25	106	2.5	5
10	As_38.7Se_61.3	1–15	2.79	—	202	19	114	2.5	4
11	As₈Se₉₂	1–19	2.48	—	70	34	—	—	22
12	As₄₀S₆₀(As₂S₃)	1–11	2.41	−10+	210	25	109	2.3	22
13	Si	1.2–15	3.42	+168	1420±	4.0	1150	19.0	22
14	Ge	2–23	4.02	+280	942±	5.5	—	15.0	22
15	BaF₂	0.2–15	1.45	—	1280	18.4	82	7.7	22
16	NaCl*	0.2–26	1.52	−25	803	44	17	5.8	22
17	Irtran 2	1–14.5	2.24	—	800±	6.9	354	14	22,23
18	Irtran 4	0.5–20	2.43	+50+	1520±	7.7	150	10	22,23
19	Optical glasses	0.2–3	1.5	—	700	8–9	300–600	7–10	23

Abstract

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Applied Optics