Simulation and control of narcissus phenomenon using nonsequential ray tracing. I. Staring camera in 3-5 <i>μ</i>m waveband

M. Nadeem Akram

doi:10.1364/AO.49.000964

Applied Optics
Vol. 49,
Issue 6,
pp. 964-975
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.000964

Simulation and control of narcissus phenomenon using nonsequential ray tracing. I. Staring camera in $3 - 5 μm$ waveband

M. Nadeem Akram

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M. Nadeem Akram, "Simulation and control of narcissus phenomenon using nonsequential ray tracing. I. Staring camera in 3-5 μm waveband," Appl. Opt. 49, 964-975 (2010)

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Abstract

A nonsequential ray tracing technique is used to simulate the narcissus phenomenon in infrared (IR) imaging cameras having cooled detectors. Imaging cameras based on two-dimensional focal plane array detectors are simulated. In a companion article, line-scan imaging cameras based on one-dimensional linear detector arrays are simulated. Diffractive phase surfaces commonly used in modern IR cameras are modeled including multiple diffraction orders in the narcissus retroreflection path to correctly simulate the stray light return signal. Practical optical design examples along with their performance curves are given to elucidate the modeling technique. Optical methods to minimize the narcissus return signal are thoroughly explained, and modeling results are presented. It is shown that the nonsequential ray tracing technique is an effective method to accurately calculate the narcissus return signal in complex IR cameras having diffractive surfaces.

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Entrance pupil diameter	$80 mm$
Cold-shield diameter	$7.5 mm$
System focal length	$220 mm$
FPA dimensions	$9.84 mm \times 7.38 mm$
FPA pixel pitch	$30 μm \times 30 μm$
Cold shield F#	2.75

No.	Type	Comment	Radius	Thickness	Glass	Conic
0	STANDARD		-	∞
1	STANDARD	Objective	$128.210 mm$	$6.0 mm$	SILICON
2	BINARY 2		194.711	149.687		0.616428
3	STANDARD	Eyepiece 1	$- 14.429$	4.00	SILICON
4	STANDARD		$- 17.273$	17.760
5	BINARY 2	Eyepiece 2	37.94	4.00	SILICON	$- 1.26860$
6	STANDARD		159.01	0.00
7	STANDARD	Eyepiece 3	16.214	4.00	SILICON
8	STANDARD		13.332	9.319
9	STANDARD	Seal window	∞	2.50	GERMANIUM
10	STANDARD		∞	3.00
11	STANDARD	Cold shield	∞	19.775
12	STANDAR	Cold filter	∞	0.3	GERMANIUM
13	STANDARD		∞	0.00
14	STANDARD	FPA	∞	-
		Norm. radius	$d_{2}$	$d_{4}$	$d_{6}$
2	BINARY 2	$50 mm$	$- 97.056$	13.679	$- 12.416$
5	BINARY 2	25	$- 197.1$	63.299	$- 131.655$

Surface	yni	$i / i^{'}$
1	12.4	11.74
2	$- 2.96$	2.55
3	0.24	0.4
4	0.08	0.16
5	3.38	2.59
6	$- 0.79$	0.49
7	2.27	5.08
8	1.58	28.59

	$m = - 2$	$m = - 1$	$m = 0$	$m = 1$	$m = 2$	$m = 3$	$m = 4$
$λ = 3.8 μm$	0.0011	0.0024	0.0087	0.9641	0.0133	0.0030	0.0013
$λ = 4.2 μm$	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	1.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
$λ = 4.6 μm$	0.0009	0.0020	0.0088	0.9754	0.0062	0.0017	0.0008

	$m^{'} = - 3$	$m^{'} = - 2$	$m^{'} = - 1$	$m^{'} = 0$	$m^{'} = 1$
$λ = 3.8 μm$	0.0017	0.0064	0.9746	0.0091	0.0021
$λ = 4.2 μm$	0.0059	0.0201	0.9031	0.0407	0.0083
$λ = 4.6 μm$	0.0098	0.0319	0.8150	0.0875	0.0162

	$m^{'} = 1$	$m^{'} = 2$	$m^{'} = 3$	$m^{'} = 4$	$m^{'} = 5$
$λ = 3.8 μm$	0.0032	0.0113	0.9518	0.0185	0.0040
$λ = 4.2 μm$	0.0083	0.0407	0.9031	0.0201	0.0059
$λ = 4.6 μm$	0.0382	0.2836	0.5376	0.0471	0.0162

Surface	yni	$i / i^{'}$
1	13.4	11.8
2	$- 3.6$	3.05
3	0.73	3.06
4	0.81	3.66
5	3.9	2.99
6	$- 1.12$	0.62
7	2.5	8.38
8	1.49	4.26

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Applied Optics