Laser-induced damage in deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Alan K. Burnham, Michael Runkel, Michael D. Feit, Alexander M. Rubenchik, Randy L. Floyd, Teresa A. Land, Wigbert J. Siekhaus, and Ruth A. Hawley-Fedder
Alan K. Burnham,
Michael Runkel,
Michael D. Feit,
Alexander M. Rubenchik,
Randy L. Floyd,
Teresa A. Land,
Wigbert J. Siekhaus,
and Ruth A. Hawley-Fedder
The authors are with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-047, Livermore, California 94551. USA
Alan K. Burnham, Michael Runkel, Michael D. Feit, Alexander M. Rubenchik, Randy L. Floyd, Teresa A. Land, Wigbert J. Siekhaus, and Ruth A. Hawley-Fedder, "Laser-induced damage in deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate," Appl. Opt. 42, 5483-5495 (2003)
Laser-induced pinpoint bulk damage of deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 351 nm is shown to depend on the propagation direction relative to the crystallographic axes and on growth temperature in addition to the previously reported dependence on continuous filtration. Pulse-length scaling is also consistent with earlier reports. The leading hypothesis for the cause of pinpoint damage is absorbing nanoparticle impurities, and our results are consistent with but not conclusive for that model. Advances in technology have led to greatly improved damage resistance.
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Samples from Two Large DKDP Boules Used to Determine Whether the Damage Resistance Depends on the Orientation of the Tripler Cut to the Pyramidal Growth Plane
Boule
Location
50% R/1 (J/cm2)
AA2
Late pyramid parallel
25
Late pyramid perpendicular
18.5
FD10
Early pyramid parallel
15.5
Late pyramid parallel
16
Late pyramid perpendicular
15.5
Late pyramid perpendicular
15
Late pyramid perpendicular
15
Table 2
Average Sizes of Pinpoint Damage Sites as a Function of Pulse Length and Viewing Anglea
Pinpoints near the surface are larger than those buried in the bulk. Standard deviations of the sizes are comparable to their mean value.
THG, third-harmonic generation.
Table 3
Internal Transmittance at 355 nm (Fresnel Losses Removed) for 1-cm Spots of Rapid-Growth DKDP Sample BD7 Exposed on the Optical Sciences Laser to Various Fluences and Pulse Lengthsa
Pulse Length (ng)
Average Fluence (J/cm2)
Average Irradiance (GW/cm2)
Transmittance (%)
1
4.3
4.3
99.2
4.1
4.1
99.6
6.3
6.3
89.5
5.1
5.1
95.4
5.9
5.9
87.2
3.8
3.8
99.5
6.1
6.1
88.3
3
5.6
1.9
99.1
5.7
1.9
99.4
7.5
2.5
85.8
6.7
2.2
97.7
7.8
2.6
83.6
10
7.5
0.8
99.4
9.1
0.9
98.1
6.5
0.7
99.9
6.3
0.6
99.9
3.6
0.4
99.9
Measured by a scanning photometer.
Table 4
ICP-MS Analysis Results for Digestion of Track-Etched Filters with Associated Particulates Collected after Dissolution of Various Samples of DKDPa
Sample
Growth Temperature (°C)
10% R/1 (J/cm2)
Ti
Sr
Y
Ce
20A6D
30
22
0.21
0.08
0.00
(0.03)
AD16 (late)
35
20
(0.10)
(0.03)
0.09
0.15
20A5D
40
16
0.34
0.09
(0.01)
(0.03)
20B2D
50
14
0.25
0.14
0.02
(0.03)
20A3D
50
13.5
0.30
0.20
(0.01)
0.00
BD7
60
10
(0.10)
0.28
0.05
0.28
Amounts are in nanograms per gram KDP, and values in parenthesis are the minimum detectable levels.
Table 5
Summary of Laser-Induced Damage Test Data for Large DKDP Boules Grown in Glass Tanksa
Boule
BD6
BD5
BD8
BD8
AD16
AD16
AD16
AD16
Cut
z
Tripler
Tripler
Tripler
Tripler
Tripler
x
x
Test
R/1
R/1
S/1
R/1
S/1
R/1
S/1
R/1
Early pyramid
26
9
Early prism
20
12
8
7.5
12
5
15.5
Mid pyramid
8
6
14
Mid prism
25,21
7.5
13,16
6.5
14
Late pyramid
24
9.5
8
17
Late prism
26
11
10.5
18
7.5
14.5
Last prism
6.5,7.5
20
Values are for the 10% damage probability in joules per square centimeter.
Table 6
Damage Results and Selected Impurity Concentrations for Growth Runs in 1200-l Polycarbonate Tank Crystallizersa
Sample
Prism 10% R/1 (J/cm2)
Pyramid 10% R/1 (J/cm2)
Al in Solution (ppb/KDP)
Fe in Solution (ppb/KDP)
Si in Solution (ppb/KDP)
EDTA (mol.%)
CD43 early (73 °C)
20
19.5
85
600
26,000
0.013
CD43 late (∼68 °C)
20
17.5
83
800
30,000
0.014
CD41 early (57 °C)
16.2
17
960
880
32,000
0.009
CD41 late (30 °C–40 °C)
18.5
17
100
1200
62,000
0.018
The solution concentrations are at the beginning and end of the run, whereas the damage samples are from near the beginning and end of the growth run.
Tables (6)
Table 1
Samples from Two Large DKDP Boules Used to Determine Whether the Damage Resistance Depends on the Orientation of the Tripler Cut to the Pyramidal Growth Plane
Boule
Location
50% R/1 (J/cm2)
AA2
Late pyramid parallel
25
Late pyramid perpendicular
18.5
FD10
Early pyramid parallel
15.5
Late pyramid parallel
16
Late pyramid perpendicular
15.5
Late pyramid perpendicular
15
Late pyramid perpendicular
15
Table 2
Average Sizes of Pinpoint Damage Sites as a Function of Pulse Length and Viewing Anglea
Pinpoints near the surface are larger than those buried in the bulk. Standard deviations of the sizes are comparable to their mean value.
THG, third-harmonic generation.
Table 3
Internal Transmittance at 355 nm (Fresnel Losses Removed) for 1-cm Spots of Rapid-Growth DKDP Sample BD7 Exposed on the Optical Sciences Laser to Various Fluences and Pulse Lengthsa
Pulse Length (ng)
Average Fluence (J/cm2)
Average Irradiance (GW/cm2)
Transmittance (%)
1
4.3
4.3
99.2
4.1
4.1
99.6
6.3
6.3
89.5
5.1
5.1
95.4
5.9
5.9
87.2
3.8
3.8
99.5
6.1
6.1
88.3
3
5.6
1.9
99.1
5.7
1.9
99.4
7.5
2.5
85.8
6.7
2.2
97.7
7.8
2.6
83.6
10
7.5
0.8
99.4
9.1
0.9
98.1
6.5
0.7
99.9
6.3
0.6
99.9
3.6
0.4
99.9
Measured by a scanning photometer.
Table 4
ICP-MS Analysis Results for Digestion of Track-Etched Filters with Associated Particulates Collected after Dissolution of Various Samples of DKDPa
Sample
Growth Temperature (°C)
10% R/1 (J/cm2)
Ti
Sr
Y
Ce
20A6D
30
22
0.21
0.08
0.00
(0.03)
AD16 (late)
35
20
(0.10)
(0.03)
0.09
0.15
20A5D
40
16
0.34
0.09
(0.01)
(0.03)
20B2D
50
14
0.25
0.14
0.02
(0.03)
20A3D
50
13.5
0.30
0.20
(0.01)
0.00
BD7
60
10
(0.10)
0.28
0.05
0.28
Amounts are in nanograms per gram KDP, and values in parenthesis are the minimum detectable levels.
Table 5
Summary of Laser-Induced Damage Test Data for Large DKDP Boules Grown in Glass Tanksa
Boule
BD6
BD5
BD8
BD8
AD16
AD16
AD16
AD16
Cut
z
Tripler
Tripler
Tripler
Tripler
Tripler
x
x
Test
R/1
R/1
S/1
R/1
S/1
R/1
S/1
R/1
Early pyramid
26
9
Early prism
20
12
8
7.5
12
5
15.5
Mid pyramid
8
6
14
Mid prism
25,21
7.5
13,16
6.5
14
Late pyramid
24
9.5
8
17
Late prism
26
11
10.5
18
7.5
14.5
Last prism
6.5,7.5
20
Values are for the 10% damage probability in joules per square centimeter.
Table 6
Damage Results and Selected Impurity Concentrations for Growth Runs in 1200-l Polycarbonate Tank Crystallizersa
Sample
Prism 10% R/1 (J/cm2)
Pyramid 10% R/1 (J/cm2)
Al in Solution (ppb/KDP)
Fe in Solution (ppb/KDP)
Si in Solution (ppb/KDP)
EDTA (mol.%)
CD43 early (73 °C)
20
19.5
85
600
26,000
0.013
CD43 late (∼68 °C)
20
17.5
83
800
30,000
0.014
CD41 early (57 °C)
16.2
17
960
880
32,000
0.009
CD41 late (30 °C–40 °C)
18.5
17
100
1200
62,000
0.018
The solution concentrations are at the beginning and end of the run, whereas the damage samples are from near the beginning and end of the growth run.