Optical assessment of head-mounted displays in visual space

Yonggang Ha; Jannick Rolland

doi:10.1364/AO.41.005282

Applied Optics
Vol. 41,
Issue 25,
pp. 5282-5289
(2002)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.005282

Optical assessment of head-mounted displays in visual space

Yonggang Ha and Jannick Rolland

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Yonggang Ha and Jannick Rolland, "Optical assessment of head-mounted displays in visual space," Appl. Opt. 41, 5282-5289 (2002)

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Abstract

The optics of head-mounted displays (HMDs) is designed from the pupil of the eye to the miniature display, and the optics is thus commonly solely assessed in the plane of the miniature display. Such assessment does not provide information that usefully interfaces with task-based performance metrics. We present a comprehensive framework for the assessment of the optics of HMDs in visual space, which applies to nonrotationally symmetric systems as well. Four key measures of visual performance are presented, and macro files were implemented to validate the framework. We illustrate the methods using an Erfle eyepiece.

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Step	Description
1	Insert a perfect lens in the exit pupil to bring the image into focus.
2	Set the correct focal length of the perfect lens to insure that 1 arc min maps to 1 mm on the image plane.
3	Compute the MTF on the image plane of the perfect lens.

Step	Description
1	Add a perfect lens with an aperture size equivalent to the pupil of the eye (depends on illumination) to bring the image into focus.
2	Trace rays and get the sagittal and tangential foci across the FOV.
3	Compute the sagittal and the tangential defocus values as well as their averages with respect to the paraxial image plane.
4	Convert all defocus values to diopters.
5	Compute the diopter range for the depth of field and eliminate the diopter values outside the depth of field.
6	Compute the difference between the sagittal and the tangential diopter values for astigmatism.
7	Compute the difference between the average diopter value and the nominal diopter value for accommodation shift.
8	Print 2D data tables of astigmatism and accommodation-shift values as a function of the FOV, and draw 2D plots accordingly.
9	Compute accommodation blur in arcminutes.
10	Print 2D data tables of accommodation blur in arcminutes as a function of the FOV, and draw a 2D plot accordingly, showing the residual blur greater than 1 arc min.
11	Compute astigmatism in arcminutes.
12	Print 2D data tables of astigmatism in arcminutes as a function of the FOV, and draw a 2D plot accordingly, showing astigmatism greater than 1 arcminute.

Step	Description
1	Add a perfect lens with appropriate aperture size to bring the image into focus.
2	Across the FOV, trace chief rays of the outer wavelengths and the reference wavelength to the image plane behind the perfect lens.
3	Compute transverse lateral color and transverse secondary color in visual space in terms of arcminutes on the basis of ray tracing.
4	Print 2D data tables of aberration versus FOV, and draw 2D plots accordingly.

File name	Function
VSFlip.seq	Performs flip of optical systems, adds a perfect lens, and sets the pupil size to the user’s request.
VSMTF.seq	Computes MTF as a function of spatial frequency in cycles per arcminute and output data table and plot.
VSTCS.seq	Computes transverse color smear in arcminutes, including transverse lateral color and secondary lateral color, and output data tables and plots.
VSACAS.seq	Computes accommodation shift and astigmatism in diopters and output data tables and plots.
AC2ARC.seq	Computes accommodation blur in arcminutes.
AST2ARC.seq	Computes astigmatism in arcminutes.

Parameter	Specification
Object: Color liquid-crystal display
a. Size	1.3-in. diagonala
b. Active display area	Rectangular, 26.4 mm× 19.8 mm
c. Resolution	800 × 600 pixels
Eyepiece
a. Type	Erfle eyepiece
b. Effective focal length	61.6 mm
c. Exit pupil diameter	10 mm
d. Virtual image distance	2 m from the eye pupil
e. Eye relief	25 mm
Other parameters
Wavelength range	656 to 486 nm
FOV	30° in diagonal
Distortion	<5% over entire FOV

Surface Number	Radii	Thickness	Glass
Object	Infinity	-2000.00	AIR
1 (Stop)	Infinity	26.55	AIR
2	-25.9	3.98	F2
3	-45.36	6.65	BK7
4	-29.64	0.50	AIR
5	2323.16	4.51	SSK1
6	-57.70	3.31	AIR
7	86.722	7.00	SK4
8	-35.57	2.50	SF12
9	343.63	60.30	AIR
Image	Infinity	0.00

Abstract

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Applied Optics