Comparison of radiances observed from satellite and aircraft with calculations by using two atmospheric transmittance models

D. G. K. Murty; W. L. Smith; H. M. Woolf; C. M. Hayden

doi:10.1364/AO.32.001620

Applied Optics
Vol. 32,
Issue 9,
pp. 1620-1628
(1993)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.32.001620

Comparison of radiances observed from satellite and aircraft with calculations by using two atmospheric transmittance models

D. G. K. Murty, W. L. Smith, H. M. Woolf, and C. M. Hayden

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D. G. K. Murty, W. L. Smith, H. M. Woolf, and C. M. Hayden, "Comparison of radiances observed from satellite and aircraft with calculations by using two atmospheric transmittance models," Appl. Opt. 32, 1620-1628 (1993)

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Abstract

An evaluation of two different atmospheric transmittance models is performed by using radiance data from the high-resolution infraRed Sounder (HIRS) instrument onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s NOAA-9 satellite and the airborne high-resolution interferometer sounder (HIS) instrument. Synthetic radiances have been derived from collocated radiosondes by using the television infrared observation satellite (TIROS) operational vertical sounder (TOVS) operational transmittance model and the fast atmospheric signature code (FASCOD2) line-by-line transmittance model for comparison with the two independent instrument observations. Radiance observations in various spectral channels from the HIRS and HIS instruments along with the synthetic radiances derived from the FASCOD2 and operational TOVS transmittance models are used for the performance evaluation. The results of the comparison reveal a significant discrepancy between 707 and 717 cm⁻¹ in the radiance calculation for both models. Excellent agreement is observed between observation and calculation for the lower tropospheric long-wave temperature sounding channels. Serious problems are noted with the modeling of water vapor in the operational TOVS transmittance model. In addition, poor performance by FASCOD2 is revealed for the short-wavelength N₂O–CO₂ HIRS spectral channels. In general the operational TOVS transmittance model is found to be only slightly inferior to the FASCOD2 model. Regarding the performance of the instruments, observations from the NOAA-9 HIRS and the aircraft HIS are comparable in terms of their agreement with theoretical computations.

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HIRS Channel Number	Central Wave Number (cm⁻¹)	Half Power Bandwidth (cm⁻¹)	Description	Peak-Energy Contribution Level (mbars)
1	667.67	3	15 μm	30
2	679.84	10	CO₂ band	60
3	691.46	12	↓	100
4	703.37	16		400
5	717.16	16		600
6	732.64	16		800
7	749.48	16		900
8	898.53	35	Window	Surface
9	1031.61	25	Ozone–water vapor	25
10	1224.74	60	↓	900
11	1365.12	40	↓	700
12	1483.24	80	Window	500
13	2189.97	23	4.3 μm	1000
14	2209.18	23	CO₂ band	950
15	2243.14	23	↓	700
16	2276.46	23		400
17	2359.05	23		5
18	2518.14	35		Surface
19	2667.80	100	Window	Surface
20	14549.27	1000	Visible window	Cloud

Characteristic	Value
Spectral range (cm⁻¹)
Band I	590–1070
Band II	1040–1930
Band III	2070–2750
Field-of-view diameter (mrad)
Telescope	100
Interferometer	30
Blackbody reference sources
Emissivity	>0.998
Aperture diameter (cm)	1.5
Temperature sensitivity (K)	±0.1
Autoaligned interferometer	Modified Bomem, Inc., Model BBDA2.1
Beam splitter
Substrate	KCL
Coatings	Ge + Sb₂S₃
Maximum delay (double sided) (cm)
Band I	±1.8
Band II	1.2
Band III	−0.8
Michelson mirror optical scan rate (cm/s)	0.6–1.0
Aperture stop (at exit window)
Diameter (cm)	4.1
Central obscuration-area fraction	0.17
Area (cm²)	10.8
Area–solid angle product (cm² sr)	0.0076
Detectors
Type	Ar-doped Si
Diameter (cm)	0.16
Temperature (K)	6.0
Nominal instrument temperature (K)	260.0

Date (1986)	Station No.	Location	Time (GMT)	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°W)
14 April	72393	Vandenberg AFB, Calif.	12	34.73	120.58
14 April	72394	Santa Maria, Calif.	18	35.23	119.69
15 June	10005	St. Joseph, Tenn.	17	35.03	87.48
19 June	10008	Lexington, Tenn.	17	36.65	88.38
15 June	10009	Springfield, Tenn.	17	36.54	86.92
19 June	10005	St. Joseph, Tenn.	20	35.03	87.48
19 June	10007	Columbia, Tenn.	17	35.72	86.96
19 June	10002	Double Springs, Ala.	17	34.14	87.34
15 June	10008	Lexington, Tenn.	20	36.65	88.38
19 June	10006	McMinnville, Tenn.	17	35.70	85.84
19 June	10007	Columbia, Tenn.	20	35.72	86.96
19 June	10002	Double Springs, Tenn.	20	34.14	87.34
19 June	10008	Lexington, Tenn.	20	36.65	88.38
19 June	10006	McMinnville, Tenn.	20	35.70	85.84
2 November	72532	Peoria, Ill.	18	40.67	89.68
2 November	72645	Green Bay, Wisc.	18	44.48	88.13

Observation Number	HIRS Channels
Observation Number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	10	11	12	13	14	15	18
1	−1.05	−0.98	−1.16	−1.17	−0.09	0.02	0.41	0.47	0.74	−0.83	0.83	0.62	−0.29	2.55
2	−0.01	−0.55	−1.13	−1.47	−0.07	0.09	0.61	0.94	−1.77	−5.06	1.90	1.76	0.23	3.28
3	−0.01	−1.24	−1.96	−1.22	0.26	0.48	0.73	1.32	5.56	5.00	1.59	0.86	−0.59	5.49
4	0.63	−0.83	−2.17	−1.76	−0.17	−0.09	−0.16	0.93	5.53	4.72	1.30	0.71	−0.45	5.58
5	−2.09	−2.57	−3.01	−1.93	0.11	0.75	1.76	1.78	4.97	1.70	0.78	0.60	−0.80	2.96
6	−2.19	−2.45	−2.64	−1.38	0.24	0.16	0.38	0.52	−1.10	−1.53	1.19	0.82	−0.96	0.82
7	−3.66	−3.29	−3.75	−2.39	−0.25	0.17	0.72	0.49	−0.03	−0.90	1.04	0.79	−0.54	6.89
8	−3.89	−3.38	−4.05	−3.09	−0.90	−0.50	0.20	0.53	0.11	−2.32	0.47	0.18	−.1.18	1.71
9	−1.34	−2.43	−2.99	−2.08	−0.22	−0.19	0.19	0.77	−0.94	−3.60	1.36	0.69	0.68	2.06
10	−4.69	−4.85	−4.73	−2.68	−0.21	0.53	1.50	1.38	2.97	−2.57	1.31	1.25	−0.30	4.48
11	−3.87	−3.96	−4.50	−2.86	−0.28	0.48	1.57	0.96	1.99	1.12	0.49	0.38	−0.90	5.53
12	−3.89	−3.38	−4.05	−3.09	−0.90	−0.50	0.20	0.53	0.11	−2.32	0.47	0.18	−1.18	1.71
13	−1.55	−2.75	−3.33	−2.33	−0.32	−0.17	0.38	0.84	−1.77	−4.53	1.07	0.46	0.55	1.31
14	−1.32	−3.00	−3.93	−2.84	−0.51	0.13	1.35	1.34	2.92	−2.34	0.88	0.55	−1.08	4.52
15	−1.41	−2.29	−2.83	−2.54	−1.28	−1.29	−1.00	1.01	−0.94	−3.77	1.60	0.79	−1.02	9.54
16	−1.24	−1.55	−2.23	−2.30	−0.78	−0.54	−0.20	−0.16	−3.89	−7.71	0.62	0.13	0.01	5.19

Observation Number	HIES Channels
Observation Number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	10	11	12	13	14	15	17	18
1	−1.76	0.93	−0.16	−0.09	0.70	−0.15	0.23	0.02	1.97	1.75	−0.47	1.03	1.66	−0.24	2.79
2	−0.80	−0.12	0.74	0.13	0.86	−0.19	−0.14	−0.18	−1.52	−3.34	0.65	1.84	1.94	−0.28	7.31
3	−1.73	−1.86	−2.33	−1.82	0.48	−0.12	0.18	0.14	4.66	4.79	0.57	1.14	1.21	−2.50	8.33
4	−4.61	−1.50	−0.94	−0.53	0.87	0.29	1.33	0.79	5.90	4.41	0.06	0.88	1.19	−1.60	8.88
5	−4.39	−2.19	−2.89	−1.84	0.32	0.16	1.02	0.96	4.57	1.96	0.13	1.03	1.13	−2.63	4.53
6	−2.95	0.63	−0.75	−0.85	0.55	0.08	0.70	0.78	−0.78	−1.56	0.24	1.49	1.39	−0.30	4.05
7	−0.34	0.23	−0.11	−0.39	0.65	0.05	0.14	0.64	0.27	−1.39	1.26	1.81	1.83	1.26	9.80
8	−3.62	0.75	0.75	−0.24	0.84	0.45	0.79	0.66	2.26	0.38	0.87	1.77	1.62	1.07	8.55
9	−1.03	−0.79	−1.42	−1.67	0.36	−0.24	0.13	0.50	−0.50	−0.63	0.52	1.43	1.17	−0.77	6.62
10	−2.64	−0.93	−1.70	−0.82	0.62	0.13	0.05	−0.08	0.35	−2.95	2.27	2.15	2.05	1.06	14.31
11	−0.48	0.32	−0.23	−0.68	0.58	0.21	0.96	1.25	2.28	0.35	0.67	1.42	1.40	1.00	7.57
12	−3.62	0.75	0.75	−0.24	0.84	0.45	0.79	0.66	2.26	0.38	0.87	1.77	1.62	1.07	8.55
13	−0.17	−0.26	−1.11	−1.64	0.43	−0.19	0.35	0.52	−1.37	−1.45	0.09	1.17	1.13	0.29	5.22
14	−1.69	1.61	0.29	−0.12	0.80	−0.01	−0.02	−0.19	0.29	−2.63	1.59	1.32	1.49	1.12	14.18
15	−0.20	0.13	−2.49	−1.33	0.61	−1.10	0.30	−0.41	−0.68	0.06	0.18	0.70	1.17	0.30	13.07
16	−3.84	−1.33	−2.61	−3.27	−1.77	−2.91	−2.17	1.10	−4.82	−7.64	1.24	0.66	−0.06	0.97	8.19

Observation Number	HIRS Channels
Observation Number	1	2	3	4		56	7	10	11	12	13	14	15	17	18
1	1.82	−0.11	0.00	−0.36	0.23	0.07	0.14	−0.95	−3.52	−2.46	−0.86	−1.48	−1.17	0.63	0.13
2	1.79	−0.12	−0.01	−0.41	0.20	0.00	0.06	−1.28	−3.77	−3.83	−1.04	−1.74	−1.31	0.56	0.16
3	1.60	−0.12	0.20	−0.05	0.68	0.47	0.45	−1.04	−1.94	−0.20	−0.57	−0.99	−0.67	0.47	0.15
4	1.62	−0.14	0.17	−0.07	0.67	0.50	0.55	−1.24	−1.88	−0.28	−0.57	−111	−0.77	0.47	0.16
5	1.57	−0.10	0.23	0.02	0.70	0.52	0.51	−1.21	−1.71	0.13	−0.46	−0.86	−0.52	0.44	0.15
6	1.74	−0.41	−0.20	−0.44	0.32	0.20	0.33	−2.01	−1.91	−1.11	−0.90	−1.78	−1.43	0.52	0.19
7	1.65	−0.53	−0.32	−0.55	0.21	0.08	0.07	−1.92	−1.94	−0.41	−1.07	−1.88	−1.59	0.48	0.14
8	1.66	−0.48	−0.24	−0.46	0.33	0.21	0.31	−1.55	−1.80	0.43	−0.95	−1.72	−1.43	0.48	0.17
9	1.71	−0.44	−0.22	−0.47	0.28	0.11	0.09	−2.04	−1.99	−0.80	−1.03	−1.84	−1.47	0.51	0.17
10	1.60	−0.58	−0.41	−0.65	0.10	−0.01	0.05	−1.39	−2.09	−0.84	−1.18	−192	−1.71	0.44	0.13
11	1.72	−0.52	−0.31	−0.51	0.22	0.09	0.08	−2.33	−1.63	1.00	−1.00	−1.85	−1.53	0.51	0.14
12	1.66	−0.48	−0.24	−0.46	0.33	0.21	0.31	−1.55	−1.80	0.43	−0.95	−1.72	−1.43	0.48	0.17
13	1.74	−0.42	−0.20	−0.44	0.31	0.14	0.11	−2.22	−2.10	−1.53	−0.99	−1.84	−1.45	0.52	0.18
14	1.76	−0.58	−0.41	−0.63	0.15	0.06	0.14	−1.33	−1.82	−0.35	−1.09	−1.86	−1.63	0.59	0.13
15	1.91	−0.09	0.01	−0.43	−0.08	−0.19	0.09	−0.58	−2.30	−2.33	−0.44	−0.80	−0.74	0.75	0.10
16	1.88	0.03	0.13	−0.24	0.10	−0.08	−0.03	−0.46	−1.59	−3.05	−0.39	−0.62	−0.45	0.73	0.10

Combination	HIRS Channels
Combination	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	10	11	12	13	14	15	17	18
HISOBS–FASAC	−1.97	−2.47	−3.03	−2.20	−0.34	−0.03	0.54	0.85	0.90	−1.56	1.06	0.67	−0.49		3.98
SATOBS–FASSAT	−2.12	−0.23	−0.89	−0.96	0.48	−0.19	0.29	0.45	0.94	−0.47	0.67	1.35	1.37	−0.01	8.25
SATOBS–OTSAT	−0.40	−0.55	−1.00	−1.35	0.78	−0.05	0.48	−0.99	−1.17	−1.42	−0.17	−0.15	0.16	0.52	8.39
FASSAT–OTSAT	1.71	−0.32	−0.11	−0.38	0.30	0.15	0.19	−1.44	−2.11	0.95	−0.84	−1.50	−1.21	0.54	0.15
(HISOBS–FASAC) − (SATOBS–FASSAT)	0.14	−2.24	−2.14	−1.23	−0.82	0.16	0.25	0.41	−0.04	−1.09	0.38	−0.68	−1.86		−4.27

Combination	HIRS Channels
Combination	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	10	11	12	13	14	15	17	18
HISOBS–FASAC	1.55	1.16	1.07	0.63	0.42	0.49	0.71	0.45	2.73	3.28	0.42	0.40	0.58		2.28
SATOBS–FASSAT	1.51	1.07	1.21	0.88	0.61	0.78	0.76	0.49	2.64	2.94	0.66	0.42	0.47	1.25	3.28
SATOBS–OTSAT	1.55	0.98	1.11	0.81	0.68	0.90	0.88	0.57	2.79	3.79	0.60	0.27	0.35	1.27	3.27
FASSAT–OTSAT	0.10	0.21	0.21	0.19	0.21	0.20	0.19	0.53	0.61	1.32	0.25	0.44	0.41	0.09	0.03
(HISOBS–FASAC) − (SATOBS–FASSAT)	2.16	1.77	1.74	1.13	0.68	0.72	0.93	0.77	1.30	1.57	0.82	0.47	0.81		2.62

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