Comparison of performance of drop-sizing instruments

Lee G. Dodge

doi:10.1364/AO.26.001328

Applied Optics
Vol. 26,
Issue 7,
pp. 1328-1341
(1987)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.26.001328

Comparison of performance of drop-sizing instruments

Lee G. Dodge

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Lee G. Dodge, "Comparison of performance of drop-sizing instruments," Appl. Opt. 26, 1328-1341 (1987)

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Abstract

The performance of seventeen drop-size measuring instruments including six different types were compared for two types of standard spray. Ten instruments were compared on one type of spray, and eleven on the other, with some instruments being used on both types. A number of nominally identical atomizers were made available for testing at laboratories using drop-sizing instrumentation. These tests followed a set of well-defined test conditions and measurement locations as defined by a committee of test participants. The results indicated systematic differences in instrument performance beyond what could be attributed to problems in spray reproducibility. Differences in average drop size were as large as a factor of 5. However, good to excellent agreement was observed between observations for some types of instrument.

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Atomizer number	SMD at differential pressures (μm)

	276 kPa	689 kPa
1	99.7	56.8
2	102.6	57.6
3	99.6	56.7
4	96.4	55.3
5	94.9	55.6
6	95.9	53.7
7	95.2	54.9
8	103.5	56.4
9	98.9	56.8
10	101.9	55.0
11	98.9	54.5
Mean (μm)	98.9	55.8
Standard deviation (μm)	2.86	1.17
Coefficient of variation (%)	2.9	2.1

Atomizer number	SMD at differential pressures (μm)

	345 kPa	689 kPa
1	35.8	28.3
3	33.7	26.1
4	34.1	28.6
5	34.5	27.0
6	32.2	24.9
7	32.8	25.0
8	34.1	26.8
9	35.5	26.3
10	34.5	26.5
11	33.9	28.4
Mean (μm)	34.11	26.79
Standard deivation (μm)	1.03	1.26
Coefficient of variation (%)	3.0	4.7

Laboratory test condition	Recommended range	A	B	B	C	C	D	E	F	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	P	Q
Atomizer type	P/H or DLN	P/H 4	P/H 6	DLN 4	P/H 8	DLN 10	P/H 6	P/H 3	P/H 5	DLN 11	DLN 4	DLN 1	P/H 7	P/H 1	DLN 10	DLN 3	DLN 5	P/H 3	DLN 6	P/H 9	DLN 2	DLN 4
Test fluid	Distilled water or cal. fluid	Cal.	Cal.	Water	Cal.	Water	Cal.	Cal.	Cal.	Water	Water	Water (not dist.)	Cal.	Cal.	Water	Water	Water	Cal.	Water	Cal.	Water	Water
Flow rate at 689 kPa (g/s)	P/H = 1.86
Flow rate at 689 kPa (g/s)	DLN = 20.5	1.76	1.93	20.21	1.90	19.82	1.94	1.94	—	—	18.23	~18.6	1.95	—	19.20	16.53	18.48	1.94	18.76	1.88	21.31	20.21
Fluid temp.(°C)	26.7 ± 2.8	30 ± 0.5	25	26.7	27.2	27.8	26.7 ± 1.1	23.9	18.3	23.9	23	21.1	23.9	26.7	22.2	21.1	26.7	23.9	18.9	21.1	21.1	26.7
Air temp. (°C)	21–28a	30.5	23.9	23.9	—	28.3	22.2	26.7	18.3	23.9	23	23.9	21.1	23.9	22.2	21.1	22.2	26.7	20.6	21.1	21.1	23.9
Air vel. (m/s)	0.6–3.0a	0.3	1.98	1.98	—	—	~0.06	—	—	—	~1	—	4.6	—	1.2	—	—	—	2.48	—	0	1.98
Air pres. (kPa)	(Report)	97.08	98.6	98.6	—	99.2	98.1	98.6	—	—	100.95	—	101.3	100.0	101.3	—	101.3	98.6	100.00	101.3	101.1	98.6
Rel. humidity (%)	(Report)	—	—	74	—	58	—	—		85 ± 2	53.5	—	—	—	~70	51–59	64	—	58	—	—	74
Atomizer orientation	Vertical or horizontal	V	H	H	H	H	V	V	V	V	V	H	H	V	V	V	V	V	V	V	V	H
Atomizer	DLN: 276 ± 6	(Not reported)
Pressure	689 ± 14
Differential (kPa)	P/H:345 ± 7
Differential (kPa)	689 ± 14

Laboratory	Instrument type	Instrument size range (μm)	sampling typea	Custom detector responsivities (Malver only)?	Atomizers tested
A	Malvern, model 2200	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	N	P/H
B	Malvern, model 2200	5.8–564	Spatial LOSb	Y	DLN, P/H
C	PMS, models FSSP-100 and OAP-260X	5–1875	Temporal, point	—	DLN, P/H
D	Malvern, model 2600	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	Y	P/H
F	Malvern, model 2200	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	Y	P/H
G	KLD hot wire, DC-2	1–450	Temporal, point	—	DLN, P/H
H	Malvern, model 2200	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	Y	DLN
I	Malvern, model 1800	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	N	DLN
J	Malvern model 1800	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	N	P/H
K	Malvern, model 2600	5.8–564	Spatial LOS	Y	P/H
L	Aerometrics, P/DPA	—	Temporal, pointc	—	DLN
M	PMS, model OAP-2D-GA1	28–2062	Temporal, point	—	DLN
N	Bete droplet analyzer	6.3–1260	Spatial, point	—	DLN
O	Aerometrics, P/DPA	—	Temporal, point	—	P/H
P	Aerometrics, P/DPA	—	Temporal, pointc	—	DLN
Q	Malvern, model 2600	5.8–564	Spatial, LOS	Y	DLN, P/H
R	Aerometrics, P/DPA	—	Temporal, pointc	—	P/H

Temporal sampling instruments, such as single particle counters, register signals proportional to temporal frequency, i.e., counts/s
Spatial sampling instruments, such as photographic or laser diffraction, register signals proportional (in one dimension) to spatial frequency, i.e., counts/m

Atomizer	Initial Condition	Downstream condition
Atomizer
Initial condition:
Size	Temporal frequency	Velocity 2 m/s 2 m/s	Spatial frequency 5/m 10/m
200 μm	10/s	2 cm/s	5/m
100 μm	20/s	2 cm/s	10/m
Temporal sample $D_{10} = \frac{10 \times 200 + 20 \times 100}{30} = 133 μ m$
Spatial sample $D_{10} = \frac{5 \times 200 + 10 \times 100}{15} = 133 μ m$
Downstream condition:
Size	Temporal sample	Velocity	Spatial frequency
200 μm	10/s	2 m/s	20/m
100 μm	20/s	1 m/s	20/m
Temporal Sample $D_{10} = \frac{10 \times 200 + 20 \times 100}{30} = 133 μ m$
Spatial sample $D_{10} = \frac{5 \times 200 + 20 \times 100}{25} = 120 μ m$

Inst. labs type	Figure ref.	Meas. location (mm)	Number of meas.	Mean SMD (μm)	Std. dev. SMD (μm)	Coefficient of variation	Range (μm)	Range mean
(A). Parker-Hannifin atomizer, 345 kPa
Malvern all, A,B,D,E,J,P	3	0	6	36.4	2.25	0.062	6.5	0.178
Malvern all, A,B,D,E,J,P	3	44	6	75.4	9.56	0.145	26.5	0.351
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J,P	3	0	5	36.3	2.51	0.069	6.5	0.179
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J,P	3	44	5	76.0	10.57	0.139	26.5	0.349
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J (omit P)	3	0	4	37.1	2.24	0.060	5.3	0.143
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J (omit P)	3	44	4	80.6	2.50	0.031	5.5	0.068
Temporal point, C,N,Q	4	0	3	27.8	15.32	0.551	30.0	1.079
Temporal point, C,N,Q	4	44	3	116.3	45.27	0.389	87.6	0.753
Spatial point, B*,Q	5	0	2	20.0	—	—	8.9	0.445
Spatial point, B*,Q	5	44	2	93.3	—	—	10.1	0.108
(B) Parker-Hannifin atomizer, 689 kPa
Malvern all, A,B,D,E,I,J,P	9	0	7	31.1	9.11	0.293	26.0	0.835
Malvern all, A,B,D,E,I,J,P	9	44	7	70.8	15.21	0.215	43.0	0.608
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J,P	9	0	5	27.6	2.24	0.081	5.7	0.204
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J,P	9	44	5	68.7	17.91	0.261	41.4	0.602
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J (omit P)	9	0	4	27.9	2.46	0.088	5.7	0.202
Malvern calib., B,D,E,J (omit P)	9	44	4	76.7	1.85	0.024	4.2	0.055
Temporal point, C,F,N,Q	10	0	4	20.6	20.28	0.985	42.8	2.076
Temporal point, C,F,N,Q	10	44	4	103.7	55.63	0.537	120.0	1.158
Temporal, F,N,Q (omit C)	10	0	3	10.5	2.04	0.194	3.8	0.358
Temporal, F,N,Q (omit C)	10	44	3	76.1	8.74	0.115	17.0	0.223
Spatial point, B*,Q	11	0	2	11.7	—	—	0.8	0.068
Spatial point, B*,Q	11	44	2	76.8	—	—	8.1	0.105
(C) Delavan atomizer, 276 kPa
Malvern all, B,G,H,P	15	0	4	108.7	11.50	0.106	27.0	0.248
Malvern all, B,G,H,P	15	64	4	132.5	41.25	0.311	50.8	0.383
Malvern calib, B,G,P	15	0	3	103.3	4.71	0.046	9.0	0.087
Malvern calib., B,G,P	15	64	3	106.0	16.65	0.157	31.8	0.300
Temporal point, C,F,K,L,O	16	0	5	131.5	32.14	0.244	81.4	0.619
Temporal point, C,F,K,L,O	16	64	5	187.9	28.13	0.150	69.2	0.368
Spatial point, B*,K,M,O	17	0	4	83.8	12.5	0.149	27.1	0.324
Spatial point, B*,K,M,O	17	51	4	151.1	15.6	0.104	34.6	0.229
Spatial point, K,M,O (omit B)	17	0	3	89.7	4.6	0.051	8.5	0.095
Spatial point, K,M,O (omit B)	17	51	3	148.4	11.7	0.079	21.0	0.142
Spatial edge, B,G,H,K,M,O,P	18	51	7	129.2	22.76	0.176	63.8	0.494
Spatial edge, B,G,H,K,M,O (omit P)	18	51	6	134.9	18.73	0.139	48.9	0.362
(D) Delavan atomizer, 689 kPa
Malvern all, B,G,H,P	22	0	4	63.0	15.33	0.243	31.0	0.492
Malvern all, B,G,H,P	22	64	4	103.5	8.85	0.086	18.7	0.181
Malvern calib., B,G,P	22	0	3	55.4	0.41	0.007	0.8	0.014
Malvern calib., B,G,P	22	64	3	102.4	10.47	0.102	18.7	0.183
Temporal point, C,F,K,O	23	0	4	59.9	43.75	0.731	94.9	1.586
Temporal point, C,F,K,L,O	23	64	5	170.3	46.30	0.272	116.6	0.685
Spatial point, B*,K,M,O	24	0	4	30.6	10.9	0.355	25.9	0.848
Spatial point, B*,K,M,O	24	64	4	111.1	14.3	0.129	31.4	0.283
Spatial point, K,M,O (omit B)	24	0	3	35.0	7.51	0.214	14.9	0.426
Spatial point, K.M,O (omit B)	24	64	3	106.4	13.09	0.123	26.1	0.245
Spatial edge, B,G,H,K;M,O,P	25	64	7	104.7	9.93	0.095	29.7	0.284

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Applied Optics