Absorption loss and photorefractive-index changes in Ti:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> crystals and waveguides

A. M. Glass; I. P. Kaminow; A. A. Ballman; D. H. Olson

doi:10.1364/AO.19.000276

Applied Optics
Vol. 19,
Issue 2,
pp. 276-281
(1980)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.19.000276

Absorption loss and photorefractive-index changes in Ti:LiNbO₃ crystals and waveguides

A. M. Glass, I. P. Kaminow, A. A. Ballman, and D. H. Olson

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A. M. Glass, I. P. Kaminow, A. A. Ballman, and D. H. Olson, "Absorption loss and photorefractive-index changes in Ti:LiNbO₃ crystals and waveguides," Appl. Opt. 19, 276-281 (1980)

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Abstract

Measurement of optical absorption loss and photorefractive sensitivity (optically induced index changes) in Ti-diffused waveguides and bulk Ti-doped single crystals are reported. The absorption loss of strip guides is found to be 0.3 dB/cm at 0.633 μm, and this is expected to decrease at longer wavelengths. The results demonstrate that Ti impurities do not contribute to the absorption loss or to the photorefractive-index changes directly, rather these parameters are determined by impurities in the substrate crystal. A simple pyroelectric method for electrical adjustment of the optical input coupling is also reported.

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LiNbO₃ crystal	α cm⁻¹	$α S = \frac{Δ n}{E} {cm}^{2} / J$	$S = \frac{Δ n}{α E} {cm}^{3} / J$
Undoped substrate	0.03	0.37 × 10⁻⁶	1.2 × 10⁻⁵
0.05 wt.% TiO₂	0.15	0.78 × 10⁻⁶	0.52 × 10⁻⁵
0.15 wt.% TiO₂	0.07	0.37 × 10⁻⁶	0.53 × 10⁻⁵

		Substrate			Waveguide

λ(μm)	Input μW	i(rms) (amp) (×10⁻¹³)	f	α cm⁻¹	i(rms) (amp) (×10⁻¹³)	f	α cm⁻¹
0.633	45	1.0	0.13	0.08 (0.3 dB/cm)	1.0	0.13	0.08 (0.3 dB/cm)
0.515	106	2.3	0.13	0.08 (0.3 dB/cm)	3.5	0.19	0.11 (0.5 dB/cm)
0.458	169	5.5	0.19	0.11 (0.5 dB/cm)	8.8	0.31	0.20 (0.8 dB/cm)

Input power (μW)	Exposure time (sec)	Energy density E in guide (J/cm²)	η	η/E (cm²/J)	$α S = \frac{Δ n}{E} ({cm}^{2} / J)$
17	120	20	0.011	0.0052	1.3 × 10⁻⁷
120	20	24	0.10	0.013	3.0 × 10⁻⁷
250	10	25	0.10	0.013	3.0 × 10⁻⁷

LiNbO₃ crystal	α cm⁻¹	$α S = \frac{Δ n}{E} {cm}^{2} / J$	$S = \frac{Δ n}{α E} {cm}^{3} / J$
Undoped substrate	0.03	0.37 × 10⁻⁶	1.2 × 10⁻⁵
0.05 wt.% TiO₂	0.15	0.78 × 10⁻⁶	0.52 × 10⁻⁵
0.15 wt.% TiO₂	0.07	0.37 × 10⁻⁶	0.53 × 10⁻⁵

		Substrate			Waveguide

λ(μm)	Input μW	i(rms) (amp) (×10⁻¹³)	f	α cm⁻¹	i(rms) (amp) (×10⁻¹³)	f	α cm⁻¹
0.633	45	1.0	0.13	0.08 (0.3 dB/cm)	1.0	0.13	0.08 (0.3 dB/cm)
0.515	106	2.3	0.13	0.08 (0.3 dB/cm)	3.5	0.19	0.11 (0.5 dB/cm)
0.458	169	5.5	0.19	0.11 (0.5 dB/cm)	8.8	0.31	0.20 (0.8 dB/cm)

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Applied Optics