Table I
Optimum Power Available at 200°C from a Selective Surface Consisting of a Single Layer of Refractive Index n + ik on Copper; Incident Flux: 1 kw/m2
n\k | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
---|
0.1 | 191 | 189 | 190 | 186 | 177 | 167 | 154 | 140 | 128 | 115 |
0.2 | 380 | 357 | 352 | 344 | 331 | 314 | 294 | 274 | 252 | 233 |
0.3 | 526 | 485 | 481 | 468 | 451 | 429 | 406 | 380 | 354 | 329 |
0.4 | 623 | 603 | 584 | 566 | 545 | 521 | 494 | 465 | 436 | 408 |
0.5 | 679 | 681 | 664 | 644 | 620 | 594 | 565 | 535 | 504 | 473 |
0.6 | 707 | 733 | 722 | 703 | 679 | 652 | 622 | 591 | 559 | 528 |
0.7 | 717 | 764 | 763 | 748 | 725 | 698 | 668 | 636 | 604 | 572 |
0.8 | 715 | 781 | 790 | 779 | 759 | 733 | 704 | 673 | 641 | 609 |
0.9 | 795 | 786 | 805 | 800 | 783 | 760 | 732 | 702 | 671 | 639 |
1.0 | 690 | 783 | 811 | 813 | 800 | 779 | 753 | 725 | 695 | 664 |
1.1 | 674 | 775 | 811 | 818 | 810 | 792 | 769 | 742 | 713 | 683 |
1.2 | 655 | 762 | 805 | 818 | 814 | 800 | 779 | 754 | 727 | 699 |
1.3 | 636 | 747 | 795 | 814 | 814 | 803 | 785 | 763 | 737 | 710 |
1.4 | 617 | 731 | 783 | 806 | 811 | 803 | 788 | 768 | 744 | 719 |
1.5 | 598 | 714 | 769 | 796 | 804 | 800 | 788 | 770 | 748 | 724 |
1.6 | 579 | 696 | 753 | 784 | 796 | 795 | 785 | 769 | 750 | 728 |
1.7 | 560 | 678 | 737 | 770 | 785 | 787 | 780 | 767 | 749 | 729 |
1.8 | 542 | 660 | 721 | 756 | 774 | 779 | 774 | 763 | 747 | 729 |
1.9 | 525 | 642 | 704 | 741 | 761 | 768 | 766 | 757 | 744 | 727 |
2.0 | 509 | 625 | 687 | 725 | 748 | 757 | 757 | 751 | 739 | 724 |
2.1 | 368 | 609 | 670 | 710 | 734 | 746 | 748 | 743 | 733 | 719 |
2.2 | 363 | 592 | 654 | 694 | 720 | 733 | 738 | 735 | 726 | 714 |
2.3 | 358 | 577 | 637 | 678 | 705 | 721 | 727 | 725 | 719 | 708 |
2.4 | 355 | 561 | 622 | 663 | 691 | 798 | 716 | 716 | 711 | 701 |
2.5 | 352 | 546 | 606 | 648 | 676 | 695 | 704 | 706 | 702 | 695 |
2.6 | 350 | 532 | 591 | 633 | 662 | 682 | 692 | 696 | 693 | 687 |
2.7 | 348 | 447 | 577 | 618 | 648 | 668 | 681 | 685 | 684 | 679 |
Table II
Optimum Power Available at 200°C from a Selective Surface Consisting of a Single Layer of Refractive Index n + ik on Silver; Incident Flux: 1 kw/m2
n\k | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
---|
0.1 | 192 | 190 | 192 | 187 | 179 | 168 | 156 | 141 | 129 | 117 |
0.2 | 381 | 357 | 352 | 345 | 331 | 314 | 295 | 274 | 254 | 232 |
0.3 | 527 | 495 | 481 | 468 | 450 | 428 | 405 | 380 | 354 | 328 |
0.4 | 623 | 603 | 584 | 566 | 544 | 520 | 493 | 465 | 435 | 406 |
0.5 | 678 | 681 | 663 | 643 | 619 | 592 | 563 | 533 | 503 | 472 |
0.6 | 705 | 732 | 722 | 702 | 678 | 650 | 620 | 589 | 557 | 626 |
0.7 | 713 | 763 | 762 | 747 | 723 | 696 | 666 | 635 | 602 | 570 |
0.8 | 709 | 778 | 789 | 778 | 757 | 732 | 702 | 671 | 639 | 607 |
0.9 | 697 | 782 | 803 | 799 | 782 | 758 | 730 | 700 | 669 | 637 |
1.0 | 680 | 778 | 808 | 811 | 798 | 777 | 751 | 723 | 692 | 661 |
1.1 | 661 | 769 | 807 | 816 | 808 | 790 | 767 | 740 | 711 | 681 |
1.2 | 641 | 756 | 800 | 815 | 812 | 798 | 777 | 752 | 725 | 696 |
1.3 | 619 | 740 | 790 | 810 | 812 | 801 | 783 | 761 | 735 | 708 |
1.4 | 598 | 723 | 777 | 802 | 807 | 801 | 786 | 765 | 742 | 716 |
1.5 | 577 | 704 | 762 | 791 | 801 | 798 | 786 | 768 | 746 | 722 |
1.6 | 556 | 686 | 747 | 778 | 792 | 792 | 783 | 767 | 748 | 726 |
1.7 | 535 | 667 | 730 | 764 | 781 | 784 | 778 | 765 | 747 | 727 |
1.8 | 516 | 648 | 713 | 749 | 769 | 775 | 772 | 761 | 745 | 727 |
1.9 | 497 | 630 | 696 | 734 | 756 | 765 | 764 | 755 | 742 | 725 |
2.0 | 479 | 612 | 679 | 718 | 742 | 754 | 755 | 749 | 737 | 722 |
2.1 | 462 | 595 | 663 | 703 | 728 | 742 | 745 | 741 | 731 | 718 |
2.2 | 446 | 579 | 646 | 687 | 713 | 729 | 735 | 733 | 725 | 713 |
2.3 | 430 | 563 | 630 | 671 | 699 | 717 | 724 | 724 | 718 | 707 |
2.4 | 416 | 548 | 614 | 656 | 684 | 704 | 713 | 715 | 710 | 701 |
2.5 | 402 | 533 | 599 | 641 | 670 | 691 | 702 | 705 | 702 | 694 |
2.6 | 389 | 519 | 584 | 627 | 656 | 678 | 691 | 695 | 693 | 687 |
2.7 | 248 | 505 | 570 | 613 | 642 | 665 | 679 | 685 | 684 | 679 |
Table III
Optimum Power Available at 200°C from a Selective Surface Consisting of a Single Layer of Refractive Index n + ik on Nickel; Incident Flux: 1 kw/m2
n\k | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
---|
0.1 | 139 | 102 | 83 | 67 | 51 | 35 | 19 | 33 | −10 | −24 |
0.2 | 305 | 252 | 229 | 211 | 192 | 171 | 149 | 126 | 105 | 83 |
0.3 | 431 | 374 | 346 | 324 | 302 | 277 | 252 | 226 | 199 | 173 |
0.4 | 511 | 468 | 438 | 414 | 389 | 362 | 334 | 304 | 276 | 247 |
0.5 | 556 | 536 | 508 | 483 | 457 | 429 | 399 | 368 | 337 | 307 |
0.6 | 577 | 579 | 560 | 536 | 510 | 481 | 451 | 419 | 387 | 356 |
0.7 | 110 | 605 | 596 | 575 | 550 | 522 | 492 | 460 | 428 | 397 |
0.8 | 575 | 618 | 618 | 603 | 580 | 553 | 524 | 493 | 461 | 429 |
0.9 | 563 | 621 | 631 | 622 | 602 | 577 | 548 | 518 | 487 | 456 |
1.0 | 548 | 618 | 637 | 633 | 616 | 593 | 567 | 538 | 507 | 477 |
1.1 | 531 | 610 | 636 | 638 | 625 | 605 | 580 | 552 | 523 | 494 |
1.2 | 513 | 599 | 632 | 639 | 630 | 612 | 589 | 562 | 535 | 506 |
1.3 | 496 | 587 | 625 | 636 | 630 | 615 | 594 | 570 | 543 | 516 |
1.4 | 480 | 573 | 616 | 631 | 628 | 615 | 597 | 574 | 549 | 523 |
1.5 | 465 | 560 | 607 | 625 | 625 | 614 | 597 | 576 | 552 | 527 |
1.6 | 450 | 547 | 597 | 617 | 619 | 610 | 595 | 576 | 554 | 530 |
1.7 | 456 | 541 | 588 | 609 | 613 | 606 | 592 | 574 | 553 | 531 |
1.8 | 462 | 537 | 581 | 601 | 606 | 600 | 588 | 571 | 551 | 530 |
1.9 | 467 | 534 | 574 | 593 | 598 | 594 | 582 | 567 | 549 | 529 |
2.0 | 473 | 531 | 567 | 586 | 591 | 587 | 577 | 563 | 545 | 526 |
2.1 | 477 | 530 | 562 | 578 | 583 | 580 | 570 | 551 | 541 | 523 |
2.2 | 480 | 528 | 557 | 571 | 576 | 573 | 564 | 551 | 536 | 519 |
2.3 | 484 | 526 | 552 | 565 | 569 | 566 | 557 | 545 | 531 | 514 |
2.4 | 487 | 524 | 547 | 559 | 562 | 558 | 551 | 539 | 525 | 510 |
2.5 | 489 | 521 | 543 | 552 | 555 | 552 | 544 | 533 | 520 | 505 |
2.6 | 489 | 520 | 538 | 547 | 548 | 545 | 537 | 527 | 514 | 500 |
2.7 | 491 | 518 | 533 | 541 | 542 | 538 | 531 | 521 | 509 | 495 |
Table IV
Optimum Power Available at 100°C from a Selective Surface Consisting of a Single Layer of Refractive Index n + ik on the Three Substrate Metals, Incident Flux: 1 kw/m2
n\k | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
---|
(a) Copper |
1.3 | 789 | 855 | 883 | 889 | 889 | 876 | 857 | 833 | 807 | 782 |
1.4 | 770 | 841 | 868 | 880 | 882 | 873 | 856 | 835 | 811 | 787 |
1.5 | 751 | 824 | 854 | 868 | 872 | 866 | 852 | 834 | 812 | 789 |
1.6 | 731 | 808 | 839 | 855 | 861 | 858 | 847 | 830 | 810 | 790 |
1.7 | 712 | 793 | 823 | 841 | 848 | 848 | 839 | 825 | 807 | 788 |
1.8 | 693 | 777 | 807 | 825 | 834 | 836 | 830 | 817 | 802 | 786 |
1.9 | 674 | 761 | 790 | 809 | 819 | 824 | 819 | 809 | 797 | 781 |
2.0 | 656 | 744 | 773 | 793 | 804 | 811 | 808 | 800 | 709 | 776 |
2.1 | 638 | 728 | 756 | 777 | 789 | 797 | 796 | 790 | 782 | 770 |
2.2 | 621 | 712 | 740 | 760 | 774 | 783 | 784 | 780 | 774 | 763 |
(b) Silver |
1.3 | 783 | 853 | 879 | 889 | 885 | 875 | 851 | 835 | 809 | 781 |
1.4 | 763 | 836 | 867 | 879 | 877 | 871 | 856 | 836 | 813 | 787 |
1.5 | 742 | 820 | 852 | 867 | 868 | 864 | 852 | 835 | 813 | 790 |
1.6 | 721 | 804 | 837 | 853 | 857 | 855 | 846 | 831 | 812 | 790 |
1.7 | 700 | 786 | 820 | 838 | 845 | 845 | 838 | 826 | 809 | 789 |
1.8 | 679 | 769 | 802 | 821 | 832 | 833 | 829 | 819 | 804 | 786 |
1.9 | 659 | 753 | 785 | 806 | 818 | 820 | 819 | 810 | 797 | 781 |
2.0 | 639 | 737 | 769 | 790 | 803 | 807 | 808 | 801 | 790 | 775 |
2.1 | 620 | 721 | 753 | 775 | 788 | 793 | 796 | 791 | 781 | 769 |
2.2 | 602 | 706 | 737 | 759 | 773 | 780 | 783 | 781 | 773 | 761 |
(c) Nickel |
1.3 | 756 | 811 | 832 | 839 | 832 | 815 | 794 | 772 | 748 | 721 |
1.4 | 739 | 796 | 820 | 830 | 825 | 812 | 795 | 774 | 751 | 726 |
1.5 | 722 | 781 | 807 | 819 | 817 | 807 | 793 | 774 | 752 | 729 |
1.6 | 705 | 765 | 793 | 807 | 807 | 801 | 789 | 772 | 752 | 729 |
1.7 | 688 | 749 | 778 | 794 | 798 | 795 | 784 | 768 | 749 | 728 |
1.8 | 613 | 733 | 763 | 780 | 789 | 786 | 777 | 763 | 745 | 726 |
1.9 | 623 | 717 | 747 | 769 | 778 | 777 | 769 | 756 | 740 | 722 |
2.0 | 630 | 683 | 732 | 757 | 767 | 767 | 760 | 749 | 734 | 717 |
2.1 | 636 | 685 | 719 | 744 | 755 | 757 | 751 | 741 | 727 | 711 |
2.2 | 640 | 686 | 711 | 732 | 743 | 745 | 741 | 732 | 719 | 705 |
Table V
Optical Constants of Graphite of Ordinary (no,ko) and Extraordinary Rays (ne,ke)
Wavelength | no | ne | ko | ke |
|
|
---|
0.436 | | | | | 1.90 | 0.36 |
0.492 | | | | | 1.94 | 0.34 |
0.546 | | | | | 1.96 | 0.34 |
0.578 | | | | | 1.97 | 0.33 |
0.623 | | | | | 2.00 | 0.33 |
0.633 | 2.55 | 1.78 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 2.165 | 0.33 |
0.541 | 2.15 | 1.81 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 1.98 | 0.33 |
Note: The values (
) are the average of the two principal values for single crystal measurements or the measured values for an evaporated film.
Table VI
Calculated Properties of Films of Optimum Thickness on each of Three Substrate Metals for Delivering Power at 100°C and 200°C (Upper and Lower Figures, Respectively)
Substrate | Thickness (μm) | Absorptance | Emittance | Available power (W/m2) |
---|
Cu | 0.317 | 0.848 | 0.058 | 791 |
0.215 | 0.817 | 0.045 | 712 |
Ag | 0.317 | 0.841 | 0.052 | 788 |
0.215 | 0.803 | 0.037 | 701 |
Ni | 0.163 | 0.839 | 0.082 | 750 |
0.163 | 0.839 | 0.108 | 508 |
Table VII
Calculated and Measured Values of Normal Total Absorptance and Normal Total Emittance of Graphite Films on Bulk Copper
Thickness (calculated) | Absorptance (calculated) | Absorptance (measured) | Emittance (calculated) at 200°C) | Emittance (measured) at room temperature) |
---|
0.73 μm | 0.697 | 0.743 | 0.014 | 0.013 |
0.115 μm | 0.758 | 0.769 | 0.018 | — |
0.17 μm | 0.797 (0.72) | 0.733 | 0.029 | — |
Table VIII
Effects of Aging
(a) Bulk copper substrate, aged at 400° C |
Aging time (h) | 0 | 604 | 1540 | 2860 |
Total normal Absorptance | 0.743 | 0.715 | 0.714 | 0.712 |
Absorptance at 0.7 μm | 0.950 | 0.825 | 0.820 | 0.810 |
(b) Evaporated metal substrates, aged for 100 h |
The upper figure in each case is the total normal absorptance, and the lower figure is the normal absorptance at 0.7 μm. |
Aging temperature | 25°C | 200° C | 300° C | 400°C |
Copper | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.68 |
0.93 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.79 |
Silver | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
0.85 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.77 |
Nickel | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.69 |
0.79 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.71 |
Titanium | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.68 |
0.83 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.70 |
Table IX
Predicted Lifetimes, in the Sense Discussed in the Text, of Graphite Selective Absorbers on Substrates of Silver and Nickel
Temperature (°C) | Silver substrate | Nickel substrate |
---|
500 | 1.3 h | 4 h |
400 | 28 days | 30 days |
300 | 350 years | 91 years |