Coronagraphic technique to infer the nature of the Skylab particulate environment

Donald W. Schuerman; David E. Beeson; Frank Giovane

doi:10.1364/AO.16.001591

Applied Optics
Vol. 16,
Issue 6,
pp. 1591-1597
(1977)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.001591

Coronagraphic technique to infer the nature of the Skylab particulate environment

Donald W. Schuerman, David E. Beeson, and Frank Giovane

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Donald W. Schuerman, David E. Beeson, and Frank Giovane, "Coronagraphic technique to infer the nature of the Skylab particulate environment," Appl. Opt. 16, 1591-1597 (1977)

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Abstract

Photographs taken with the High Altitude Observatory’s White Light Coronagraph (Skylab experiment S052) are shown to contain information on the sizes and velocities of contaminant particulates around Skylab. Sizes as small as 5 μm (radius) are derived for particles as far away as 200 m from the spacecraft. The random error in the size derivation is about 30%, and no particle larger than 120 μm was observed. Transverse velocities are determined to within 0.08 m sec⁻¹ and radial velocities to within 9 m sec⁻¹. The S052 data bank contains about 3500 contaminated frames from which the nature of the Skylab environment can be inferred.

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Frame	Track	V_r Radial velocity (m sec⁻¹)	L Distance (m)	V_t Transverse velocity (m sec⁻¹)	ϕ Track angle in deg	ρ Particle radius in μm
Frame	Track	V_r Radial velocity (m sec⁻¹)	L Distance (m)	V_t Transverse velocity (m sec⁻¹)	ϕ Track angle in deg	Lower limit	Best estimate	Upper limit
1–3	A	4.5 ± 5.2	30–40	0.133 ± 0.023	141	8	12	18
1–9	D	0.8 ± —	16–24	0.051 ± —	143	—	—	—
	C	0.7 ± 0.5	23–28	0.015 ± 0.011	91	5	6	6
	F	1.7 ± 1.5	19–31	0.028 ± 0.011	155	6	7	8
	G	2.3 ± 6.0	37–49	0.080 ± 0.022	105	6	8	10
	H	0.6 ± 3.3	21–30	0.053 ± 0.048	150	8	15	25
	I	0.6 ± —	21–25	0.037 ± —	141	9	15	17
	L	1.7 ± 4.7	35–42	0.077 ± 0.051	120	7	12	17
	J	0.8 ± 1.5	23–35	0.045 ± 0.038	90	—	6
2–3	A	2.6 ± —	31–36	0.007 ± —	109	6	7	7
	B	4.4 ± —	40–62	0.011 ± —	92	6	7	8
	C	19.6 ± —	64–90	0.188 ± —	137	70	100	130
	D	25.6 ± —	84–126	0.392 ± —	62	60	70	80
	E	0.9 ± 0.8	32–35	0.069 ± 0.012	134	6	10	20
	F	7.4 ± —	34–44	0.192 ± —	88	50	65	80
	G	1.3 ± 1.3	19–22	0.048 ± 0.009	17	6	10	15
	H	0.9 ± —	22–24	0.016 ± —	165	5	5	6
	I	1.5 ± —	58–60	0.101 ± —	50	7	12	20
2–9	J	2.2 ± 3.8	69–85	0.065 ± 0.025	50	6	7	12
	M	0.4 ± —	43–45	0.035 ± —	87	10	16	27
	L	5.0 ± 13.0	105–136	0.166 ± 0.042	45	13	20	26
	N	0.0 ± —	^a246–247	^a0.220 ± —	46	23	25	30
	O	1.4 ± —	38–46	0.043 ± —	65	8	8	8
	Q	1.2 ± —	27–33	0.010 ± —	88	6	7	7
	T	5.2 ± 1.4	25–57	0.043 ± 0.018	154	25	35	45
	P	7.3 ± 18.0	39–98	0.062 ± 0.073	72	13	21	35
	R	1.4 ± 13.0	35–113	0.116 ± 0.065	68	40	50	55
	U	11.3 ± 13.0	42–128	0.190 ± 0.127	66	35	40	45
	V	1.7 ± 9.7	56–118	0.162 ± 0.033	55	12	18	25
	W	4.8 ± 4.6	75–115	0.173 ± 0.088	45	15	25	35
	Z	31.0 ± 89.0	78–140	0.717 ± 1.080	43	—	130
	BB	—	96	0.101 ± —	37	—	—	—
	AA	3.3 ± —	121–151	0.317 ± —	61	—	—	—
	X	3.2 ± 8.5	53–88	0.072 ± 0.018	49	7	13	20
	Y	1.4 ± 4.8	29–44	0.071 ± 0.049	69	35	45	55
3–3	B	—	50	—	52	10	15	21
	C	8.4 ± —	119–131	0.146 ± —	45	50	60	70
	A	1.4 ± 4.0	17–20	0.063 ± 0.024	139	30	35	40
	D	—	44	—	50	12	17	25
	E	21.1 ± —	38–41	0.035 ± —	61	5	6	6
	G	—	89	—	51	7	15	20
3–3	F	—	63	—	55	—	23
3–9	K	0.3 ± —	88–91	0.063 ± —	68	—	—	—
	H	0.5 ± —	72–74	0.045 ± —	54	30	35	40
	J	5.3 ± 0.2	68–101	0.086 ± 0.006	53	12	40	50
	I	1.0 ± —	113–119	0.053 ± —	51	10	20	25
	L	0.7 ± 0.4	67–71	0.030 ± 0.011	45	8	20	25
	M	2.2 ± 5.4	25–39	0.069 ± 0.000	53	20	25	25
	N	0.2 ± 4.0	29–47	0.042 ± 0.006	48	7	13	18
	O	—	258	0.344 ± —	43	—	—	—
	P	5.0 ± —	36–82	0.232 ± —	40	—	—	—
	Q	7.5 ± —	133–201	0.202 ± —	41	—	—	—
	R	5.9 ± —	153–184	0.098 ± —	42	5	8	22
	T	—	^a225	^a0.162 ± —	51	—	—	—
	S	0.3 ± 5.0	30–50	0.082 ± 0.061	54	25	50	75
4–3	D	—	70	—	56	—	6	—
	C	5.1 ± —	92–100	0.171 ± —	44	23	28	30
	A	5.2 ± 6.5	37–50	0.213 ± 0.118	23	10	17	25
4–9	F	—	90	0.059 ± —	43	—	30	—
	E	0.5 ± 20.0	54–163	0.488 ± 0.177	54	120	120	200
	G	—	74	0.058 ± —	43	—	—	—
Average		4.5		0.122		19	27	34
Average of the standard deviations		8.9		0.083

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Applied Optics