Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue–green lasers

Hongsuk H. Kim

doi:10.1364/AO.16.000046

Applied Optics
Vol. 16,
Issue 1,
pp. 46-56
(1977)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.000046

Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue–green lasers

Hongsuk H. Kim

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Hongsuk H. Kim, "Airborne bathymetric charting using pulsed blue–green lasers," Appl. Opt. 16, 46-56 (1977)

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Abstract

Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 ± 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m⁻³. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.

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a) TRANSMITTERS:
Output Wavelength	540 nm (neon ion laser)	532 nm (frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser)
Peak Power	2 KW	2 MW
Pulse Duration	6 nsec	8 nsec
Rep Rate	10–200 pps	10–50 pps
b) RECEIVER:
28 cm Diameter Cassegrainian Telescope, f-1
PMT: 8575 RCA
Filter: 0.4 nm FWHM at at 540 nm, 532 nm
c) RECORDING DEVICES:
Flight Research Movie Camera with 4X-Film
Waveform Digitizer (Modified Optical Multichannel Analyzer) and a 9-Track Mag Tape Recorder
d) AIRCRAFT USED:
C-54, Military Version of DC-4
Altitudes: 150 and 600 meters at 150 knots
Navigational Information: An aerial footprint camera (35 nm)

Flight No.	Altitude (m)	Laser	Polarization of Receiver
A	150	Pulsed Neon	No Polarizer
B	150	Nd:YAG	”
C	150	Nd:YAG	Contained a linear polarizer normal to the incident beam polarization
D	600	Nd:YAG	”

DEPTHS (m)	RUN A		RUN B		RUN C		RUN D

	MEAN AVG.	STD. DEV.	MEAN AVG.	STD. DEV.	MEAN AVG.	STD. DEV.	MEAN AVG.	STD. DEV.

3.1	1.10	0.19	2.45	0.51	3.30	0.39	2.47	0.36
3.6	0.93	0.12	2.22	0.48	2.94	0.50	2.28	0.55
4.0	0.93	0.11	1.73	0.47	2.63	0.47	1.87	0.51
4.5	0.87	0.17	1.23	0.47	2.20	0.36	1.44	0.36
5.0	0.88	0.13	1.00	0.34	1.92	0.40	1.30	0.40
5.4	0.70	0.12	0.87	0.38	1.74	0.43	1.01	0.36
5.8	0.70	0.15	0.88	0.24	1.42	0.31	1.20	0.30
6.3	0.64	0.16	0.78	0.22	1.09	0.40	0.98	0.28
6.7	0.45	0.15	0.63	0.27	0.93	0.13	0.70	0.12
7.2	0.44	0.10	0.47	0.13	0.95	0.27	0.68	0.10
7.6	0.50	0.28	0.40	0.14	0.65	0.13	0.57	0.09
8.1	0.35	0.16	0.36	0.07	0.54	0.17	0.57	0.08
8.5	0.26	0.10	0.35	0.07	0.38	0.15	0.48	0.08
9.0	0.17	0.07	0.24	0.08	0.29	0.10	0.42	0.09
9.4	--	--	0.20	0.07	0.22	0.07	0.34	0.07

TOTAL DATA POINTS ENTERED		204		205		213		271

2(L′-L) (m)	Γ (m⁻¹)

	Run C	Run D

8.0 - 4.5	0.11	--
8.9 - 5.4	0.13	0.15
9.8 - 6.3	0.14	0.16
10.7 - 7.2	0.14	0.20
11.6 - 8.1	0.16	0.14
12.5 - 8.9	0.20	0.14
13.4 - 9.8	0.19	0.16
14.3 - 10.7	0.16	0.45
15.2 - 1.6	0.22	0.13
16.1 - 12.5	0.22	0.16
16.9 - 13.4	0.24	0.16
17.8 - 14.3	0.26	0.14
18.7 - 15.2	0.32	0.15

Average	0.20	0.15

Zone	α-Reading Depth (m)	α-Readings Wm	Secchi Disc Readings (m)
H	1	0.78	4.95
	2	0.90
	3	0.96
	4	1.02
	5	1.05
	6	1.09
	6.5	1.10

I	1	0.90
	2	0.88
	3	0.85
	4	0.85

J	1	0.78
	2	0.71
	3	0.71

K	1	0.85	5.1
	2	0.84
	3	0.83
	4	0.83
	5	0.83
	6	0.83
	7	0.83

Abstract

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Equations (10)

Applied Optics