Evaluation of Optical Radiation Hazards

David H. Sliney; Benjamin C. Freasier

doi:10.1364/AO.12.000001

Applied Optics
Vol. 12,
Issue 1,
pp. 1-24
(1973)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.12.000001

Evaluation of Optical Radiation Hazards

David H. Sliney and Benjamin C. Freasier

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David H. Sliney and Benjamin C. Freasier, "Evaluation of Optical Radiation Hazards," Appl. Opt. 12, 1-24 (1973)

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Abstract

Methodology for the evaluation of potential optical radiation hazards has been developed in response to the increasing use of high radiance optical sources, such as lasers, compact arc lamps, tungsten-halogen lamps, and electronic flash lamps. Recent biological investigations of injury from ultraviolet radiation and studies of chorioretinal injury from high radiance sources permit a realistic ocular hazard evaluation. Safe exposure criteria that may be readily applied to practical situations have been developed from the available biological data and from experience with occupational hazards. Hazard evaluation techniques, hazard data, and general control measures are provided for a number of commonly encountered ultraviolet, visible, and infrared sources.

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Equations (13)

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Wavelength (nm)	TLV (mJ·cm⁻²)	Relative Spectral Effectiveness S_λ
200	100	0.03
210	40	0.075
220	25	0.12
230	16	0.19
240	10	0.30
250	7.0	0.43
254	6.0	0.5
260	4.6	0.65
270	3.0	1.0
280	3.4	0.88
290	4.7	0.64
300	10	0.30
305	50	0.06
310	200	0.015
315	1000	0.003

A Intrabeam Viewing of a Collimated Beam

Organization	Laser wavelengths (nm)		Exposure duration t	Corneal radiant exposure (J·cm⁻²)	Corneal irradiance (W·cm⁻²)
U.S. Depts. of the Army and Navy (February i960)64		400–1400	5–50 nsec	10⁻⁷
			Approx. 1 msec	10⁻⁶
			Continuous		10⁻⁶
ACGIH (1971)24		694.3	1 nsec to 1 μsec	10⁻⁷
		694.3	1 μsec to 0.1 sec	10⁻⁶
		400–750	>0.1 sec		10⁻⁵
U.S. Dept, of Labor 29CFR1518.54 (1971)68		632.8	Incidental (1 sec)		10⁻³
U.S. Dept, of Labor 29CFR1518.54 (1971)68			Continuous		10⁻⁶
U.S. Dept, of the Air Force (September 1971)65			10–100 nsec	1.3 × 10⁻⁶
		400–700	200 μsec to 2 msec	10⁻⁵
			2–10 msec		5 × 10⁻³
			10–500 msec		2.5 × 10⁻³
			10–100 nsec	6 × 10⁻⁶
		1,064	200 μsec to 2 msec	5 × 10⁻⁵
			2–10 msec		2.5 × 10⁻²
			10–500 msec		1.3 × 10⁻²
ANSI Z-136 proposed February 197266		400–700	1 nsec to 18 μsec	5 × 10⁻⁷
			18 μsec to 10 sec	1.8 × 10⁻³·t
			10–10⁴ sec	10⁻²
			>10⁴ sec		10⁻⁶
		700–1060	1 nsec to 18 μsec	5C₁ × 10⁻⁷
			18 μsec to 10 sec	1.8C₁ × 10⁻³·t
			10–100 sec	C₁ × 10⁻²
		700–800	100–10⁴/(λ-699 nm)] sec	C₁ × 10⁻²
			>[10⁴/(λ-699 nm)] sec		C₁ (λ − 699 nm) × 10⁻⁶
		800–1060	>100 sec		C₁ × 10⁻⁴
		1060–1400	1 nsec to 100 μsec	5 × 10⁻⁶
			100 μsec to 10 sec	9 × 10⁻³·t
			10–100 sec	5 × 10⁻²
			>100 sec		5 × 10⁻⁴

B Viewing a Diffuse Reflection

Organization	Wavelengths (nm)		Exposure duration	Radiant exitance at diffuse surface	Surface radiance
U.S. Depts. of the Army and Navy (February 1969)		400–1400	Continuous	2.5 W·cm⁻²	2.5/π W·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			Approx. 1 msec	0.9 J·cm⁻²	0.9/π J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			5–50 nsec	0.07 J·cm⁻²	0.07/π J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
U.S. Dept, of Labor 29CFR1518.54 (1971)		632.8	Continuous	2.5 W·cm⁻²	2.5/π W·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
ANSI Z-136 proposed February 197266		400–700	1 nsec to 10 sec	10π $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²	10 $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			10–10⁴ sec	20π J·cm⁻²	20 J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			>10⁴ sec	2π × 10⁻³W·cm⁻²	2 × 10⁻³W·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
		700–1060	1 nsec to 10 sec	10πC₁ $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²	10C₁ $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			10–100 sec	20πC₁J·cm⁻²	20C₁J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
		800–1060	>100 sec	0.2C₁π W·cm⁻²	0.2 C₁ W·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
		1060–1400	1 nsec to 10 sec	50π $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²	50 $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			10–100 sec	100π J·cm⁻²	100 J·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹
			>100 sec	π W·cm⁻²	1.0 W·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹

Length (μm)	Width of Rectangular Images (//m)												Circular Image Diameter (μm) in First Column
Length (μm)	25	50	75	100	150	200	250	500	750	1000	1500	2000	Circular Image Diameter (μm) in First Column
25	109	56	36	26	16	12	9.2	4.2	2.7	1.9	1.2	0.88	150
50	56	50	35	26	16	12	9.2	4.2	2.7	1.9	1.2	0.88	62
75	36	35	32	25	16	12	9.2	4.2	2.7	1.9	1.2	0.88	38
100	26	26	25	23	16	12	9.2	4.2	2.7	1.9	1.2	0.88	26
150	16	16	16	16	14	11	9.0	4.2	2.7	1.9	1.2	0.88	17
200	12	12	12	12	11	10	8.7	4.2	2.7	1.9	1.2	0.88	12
250	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.0	8.7	8.1	4.2	2.1	1.9	1.2	0.88	8.0
500	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	3.7	2.6	1.9	1.2	0.88	4.2
750	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.3	1.8	1.2	0.88	2.7
1000	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.2	0.88	2.0
1500	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	0.84	1.3
2000	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.84	0.77	1.0

Source	K (0.25–1.4 μm) ^a (lm·W⁻¹)	L _e (W·cm⁻²·sr⁻¹)	L _v (cd·cm⁻²)	L _v (fL)
Sirius (star)	150	10⁴	1.5 × 10⁶	4 × 10⁹
Nuclear fireball (~7000 K)	110	4 × 10³	4 × 10⁵	1 × 10⁹
High pressure xenon short-arc lamps
1 kW	70	3 × 10²	2 × 10⁴	6 × 10⁷
2.5 kW	80	9 × 10²	7 × 10⁴	2 × 10⁸
10 kW	90	1 × 10³	10⁵	3 × 10⁸
20 kW	100	3 × 10³	3 × 10⁵	9 × 10⁸
30 kW	120	4 × 10³	5 × 10⁵	1.5 × 10⁹
Xenon long-arc lamp (20 kW)	70	2	2 × 10²	6 × 10³
High intensity mercury short-arc lamp	100	10³	10⁵	3 × 10⁸
Electric welding arcs
Stainless steel (115 A × 220 V)	140	10²	10⁴	4 × 10⁷
Aluminum-TIG (80 A × 18 V)	60	6 × 10²	4 × 10³	10⁷
Aluminum-MIG (100 A × 18 V)	80	10²	8 × 10³	2 × 10⁷
Tungsten filament (500 W)	80	12	10³
Frosted tungsten filament lamps
500 W	50	0.7	34	10⁵
100 W	35	0.5	17	5 × 10⁴
40 W	25	0.2	5	1.5 × 10⁴
Sodium arc lamp Sodium arc-transluscent	100	50	5 × 10³	1.5 × 10⁷
Sodium arc-transluscent tube (400 W)	300	2.5	760	2 × 10⁵
Oxyacetylene torch	100–250	10⁻² to 4 × 10⁻³	10	3 × 10⁴
Fluorescent lamps (40 W)	300	2 × 10⁻³	0.7	2 × 10³
Candle flame	90	0.01	1	3 × 10³
Bright sky (clear)	100	3 × 10⁻³	0.3	10³
General earth terrain	100–200	10⁻³ to 10⁻²	0.1–1	3 × 10² to 3 × 10³
Tungsten iodide lamp (1000 W)	100	25	3 × 10³	10⁷
Lightning bolt	120	8 × 10⁴	10⁷	3 × 1010
6500 K blackbody	110	3 × 10³	3 × 10⁵	10⁹
High intensity carbon arc	145	7 × 10²	10⁵	3 × 10⁸
Electronic photoflash	100–200	0.5 to 1.5 × 10³	1–3 × 10⁵	3–10 × 10⁸
Sun (at zenith)	130	1.3 × 10³	1.7 × 10⁵	5 × 10⁸
Flashlight (3 V)	30	1–3	30–90	9 × 10⁴ to 3 × 10⁵
Snow field at noon	120	0.025	3	9 × 10³

Spectral region	Wavelength	Exposure time, (t)sec	TLV
UVC	200–280 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	3 mJ·cm⁻²
UVB	280–302 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	3 mJ·cm⁻²
	303 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	4 mJ·cm⁻²
	304 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	6 mJ·cm⁻²
	305 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	10 mJ·cm⁻²
	306 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	16 mJ·cm⁻²
	307 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	25 mJ·cm⁻²
	308 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	40 mJ·cm⁻²
	309 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	63 mJ·cm⁻²
	310 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	100 mJ·cm⁻²
	311 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	160 mJ·cm⁻²
	312 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	250 mJ·cm⁻²
	313 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	400 mJ·cm⁻²
	314 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	630 mJ·cm⁻²
	315 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	1.0 J·cm⁻²
UVA	315–400 nm	10⁻³ to 10³	1.0 J·cm⁻²
	315–400 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	1.0 mW·cm⁻²
ir B & C	1.4–10³μm	10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁷	10⁻² J·cm⁻²
	1.4–10³μm	10⁻⁷ to 10	0.56 $\sqrt[3]{}$ t J·cm⁻²
ir B & C	1.4–10³μm	10 to 3 × 10⁴	0.1 W·cm⁻²

Spectral region	Wavelength	Exposure time, (t) sec	TLV
uv	200–400 nm	10⁻³ to 3 × 10⁴	Same as Table V(a)
Light & ir A	400–1400 nm	10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁷	2 × 10⁻² J·cm⁻²
Light & ir A	400–1400 nm	10⁻⁷ to 10	1.1 ·t J·cm⁻²
Light & ir A	400–1400 nm	10 to 3 × 10⁴	0.2 W·cm⁻²
ir B & C	1.4 μm to 1 mm	10⁻⁹ to 3 × 10⁴	Same as Table V(a)

Abstract

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Figures (23)

Tables (6)

Equations (13)

Applied Optics