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Optical-fiber nonlinearity: measurements and countermeasures

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Abstract

Recent progress in optical-fiber amplifiers has proportionately increased the optical power traveling through the optical fibers, and high-power transmission has induced nonlinear problems that result in the signal degradation. Optical-fiber amplifiers have also provided technology for realizing multigigabit, multithousand-kilometer transmission, but a problem of accumulated nonlinear effects, which has not been observed in past transmission systems, has appeared. The nonlinear effects observed in practical optical fibers are stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), and phenomena induced by the optical-power-dependent refractive index, such as self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), and four-wave mixing (FWM). This paper reviews measurement techniques, especially for SBS and nonlinear refractive index, and describes countermeasures against these fiber nonlinearities from the standpoint of the transmission fibers.

© 1995 Optical Society of America

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