Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made on ultra-long high bit rate transoceanic transmission systems using Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) [1,2]. It is noted that in EDFA systems, the optical noise is amplified together with the optical signals and accumulated along the whole length of the transmission systems. The optical noise is induced from the amplifier spontaneous emission (ASE), the chromatic dispersion [3], the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) [4,5], the polarization dependent loss (PDL), the nonlinear effects (NL), etc.
© 1993 Optical Society of America
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