Abstract
Coherent transoceanic optical fiber submarine cable systems over thousands of kilometers using in-line optical amplifiers are now considered to be difficult to be implemented due to the problem of the phase noise increase induced by the interplay between the nonlinear Kerr effect of a fiber and the spontaneous emission noise from optical amplifiers [1, 2]. Moreover, it has been pointed out that in the
© 1993 Optical Society of America
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