Abstract

Realistically, any discussion of fiber-optic solitons must consider the impact of gain and loss. Even when both are balanced on average, pulse reshaping does occur, and radiation is generated (which drains energy from the soliton). Mathematically speaking, the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE) is integrable, and solitons are its solutions: but in the presence of only infinitesimal loss or gain, integrability is lost. Previous approaches, undertaken during the last 30 years, were either perturbative approximations [1] or numerical simulations [2].

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