Abstract
Exciting new scientific frontiers are opened up with the advent of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) ranging from nonlinear X-ray physics in atoms, molecules, clusters and plasmas to ultrafast structural dynamics in condensed matter physics, chemistry and biology with the potential to obtain coherent diffraction images of a single molecule in action while outrunning X-ray damage [1,2]. Over the past decade, following the turn-on of the first soft X-ray FEL, the Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) in January of 2005, three additional user facilities followed. X-FEL capabilities have been extended to the hard X-ray range in 2009 with the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) in Stanford. Numerous facilities are currently under construction worldwide, more than doubling the number of beamlines available to users in the next few years. Most prominent the European XFEL based on superconducting accelerator technology, which will operate at more than 200 times higher repetition rate than LCLS and dramatically expand ultrafast x-ray science capabilities.
© 2015 IEEE
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