Abstract
Bottom-emitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), which emit through a transparent substrate have several advantages over conventional top-emitting lasers such as accessibility of the laser output at both facets, the ability to fashion optical elements such as lenses into the substrate, and the suitability of this structure to flip-chip bonding for hybrid microelectronic integration.
© 1998 Optical Society of America
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