Abstract
Reduction of electrical and optical losses in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) through improved design, growth, and fabrication techniques has produced dramatic improvements in power conversion efficiency (PCE).1 In this paper, simple analytical formulae based on realistic linear models are presented for maximum PCE as a function of electrical parameters, material gain coefficients, and optical losses, and optimum values are derived for design variables.
© 1996 Optical Society of America
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