Abstract
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) can be made with active volumes much smaller than those of conventional edge-emitting laser diodes; however, surface emitters have substantially lagged behind edge emitters in power conversion efficiency. The electrical problem of excessive voltage drop in the mirror has been largely solved,1,2 but optical-loss problems remained for gain-guided, proton-implanted VCSELs, as evidenced by increasing threshold current as the device diameter falls below 10 μm (Ref. 3), as is expected in the absence of index guiding.
© 1995 Optical Society of America
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