Abstract
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) have attractive attributes that make them suitable for two-dimensional optical data link (2-D ODL), optical switching, computing, and coherent high-power generation. The realization of cw tow-threshold SFLs1-3 has attracted research into their operation and properties. The ultimate drawback of the VCSEL is their poor wall-plug efficiencies, which are five times worse than edge-emitting lasers. These low efficiencies will limit their use in system applications, especially when two-dimensional arrays are needed.4 The major factor for the observed low efficiency is spatial hole burning caused by lack of transverse index guiding.
© 1993 Optical Society of America
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