Abstract
The biorthogonal nature of the counter-propagating modes in laser resonators can yield a normalized spontaneous emission rate K exceeding the usual one noise photon per cavity mode. This factor K, usually called the excess noise factor or excess spontaneous emission factor, is needed for the evaluation of the phase noise lower limit of laser resonators and amplifiers. The interest for this fundamental laser concept was first initiated by Petermann1 for gain guided diode lasers and has been restored recently by papers on open cavities.2-3
© 1990 Optical Society of America
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