2014 Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry


Stefan W. Hell

Photo Credit: B. Schuller via
Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0

W. E. Moerner

Photo Credit: K. Lowder via
Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Eric Betzig

Photo Credit: Matt Staley/HHMI

We congratulate two Optica Members for their Nobel Prizes in Chemistry. Member Stefan Hell of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Germany, and Optica Fellow W. E. Moerner of Stanford University, USA, along with their colleague Eric Betzig of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA, received the prize "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy." Hell and Moerner join 33 other Optica Members (including the 2014 Nobel prize winner in Physics, Hiroshi Amano) who have been awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry or Physiology/Medicine over the course of our nearly 100-year history.

In light of their latest achievement, we pulled together a collection of the over 150 papers that Hell, Moerner, and Betzig have published in our journals and conference proceedings. For your convenience, the articles are below listed in reverse chronological order by author.

Stefan W. Hell

JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Claudia Geisler, Thomas Hotz, Andreas Schönle, Stefan W. Hell, Axel Munk, and Alexander Egner, "Drift estimation for single marker switching based imaging schemes," Opt. Express 20, 7274-7289 (2012)

2. Marcel Leutenegger, Christian Ringemann, Theo Lasser, Stefan W. Hell, and Christian Eggeling, "Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with a total internal reflection fluorescence STED microscope (TIRF-STED-FCS)," Opt. Express 20, 5243-5263 (2012)

3. Giuseppe Vicidomini, Gael Moneron, Christian Eggeling, Eva Rittweger, and Stefan W. Hell, "STED with wavelengths closer to the emission maximum," Opt. Express 20, 5225-5236 (2012)

4. Pit Bingen, Matthias Reuss, Johann Engelhardt, and Stefan W. Hell, "Parallelized STED fluorescence nanoscopy," Opt. Express 19, 23716-23726 (2011)

5. Susanne Schrof, Thorsten Staudt, Eva Rittweger, Nina Wittenmayer, Thomas Dresbach, Johann Engelhardt, and Stefan W. Hell, "STED nanoscopy with mass-produced laser diodes," Opt. Express 19, 8066-8072 (2011)

6. Thorsten Staudt, Andreas Engler, Eva Rittweger, Benjamin Harke, Johann Engelhardt, and Stefan W. Hell, "Far-field optical nanoscopy with reduced number of state transition cycles," Opt. Express 19, 5644-5657 (2011)

7. Johanna Bückers, Dominik Wildanger, Giuseppe Vicidomini, Lars Kastrup, and Stefan W. Hell, "Simultaneous multi-lifetime multi-color STED imaging for colocalization analyses," Opt. Express 19, 3130-3143 (2011)

8. Marcel Leutenegger, Christian Eggeling, and Stefan W. Hell, "Analytical description of STED microscopy performance," Opt. Express 18, 26417-26429 (2010)

9. Giuseppe Vicidomini, Roman Schmidt, Alexander Egner, Stefan Hell, and Andreas Schönle, "Automatic deconvolution in 4Pi-microscopy with variable phase," Opt. Express 18, 10154-10167 (2010)

10. Matthias Reuss, Johann Engelhardt, and Stefan W. Hell, "Birefringent device converts a standard scanning microscope into a STED microscope that also maps molecular orientation," Opt. Express 18, 1049-1058 (2010)

11. Gael Moneron, Rebecca Medda, Birka Hein, Arnold Giske, Volker Westphal, and Stefan W. Hell, "Fast STED microscopy with continuous wave fiber lasers," Opt. Express 18, 1302-1309 (2010)

12. Dominik Wildanger, Johanna Bückers, Volker Westphal, Stefan W. Hell, and Lars Kastrup, "A STED microscope aligned by design," Opt. Express 17, 16100-16110 (2009)

13. Brian R Rankin and Stefan W Hell, "STED microscopy with a MHz pulsed stimulated-Raman-scattering source," Opt. Express 17, 15679-15684 (2009)

14. Gael Moneron and Stefan W. Hell, "Two-photon excitation STED microscopy," Opt. Express 17, 14567-14573 (2009)

15. Giuseppe Vicidomini, Stefan W. Hell, and Andreas Schönle, "Automatic deconvolution of 4Pi-microscopy data with arbitrary phase," Opt. Lett. 34, 3583-3585 (2009)

16. Ilaria Testa, Andreas Schönle, Claas v. Middendorff, Claudia Geisler, Rebecca Medda, Christian A. Wurm, Andre C. Stiel, Stefan Jakobs, Mariano Bossi, Christian Eggeling, Stefan W. Hell, and Alexander Egner, "Nanoscale separation of molecular species based on their rotational mobility," Opt. Express 16, 21093-21104 (2008)

17. Dominik Wildanger, Eva Rittweger, Lars Kastrup, and Stefan W. Hell, "STED microscopy with a supercontinuum laser source," Opt. Express 16, 9614-9621 (2008)

18. Benjamin Harke, Jan Keller, Chaitanya K. Ullal, Volker Westphal, Andreas Schönle, and Stefan W. Hell, "Resolution scaling in STED microscopy," Opt. Express 16, 4154-4162 (2008)

19. Brian R. Rankin, Robert R. Kellner, and Stefan W. Hell, "Stimulated-emission-depletion microscopy with a multicolor stimulated-Raman-scattering light source," Opt. Lett. 33, 2491-2493 (2008)

20. Jan Keller, Andreas Schönle, and Stefan W. Hell, "Efficient fluorescence inhibition patterns for RESOLFT microscopy," Opt. Express 15, 3361-3371 (2007)

21. Marion Lang, Tobias Müller, Johann Engelhardt, and Stefan W. Hell, "4Pi microscopy of type A with 1-photon excitation in biological fluorescence imaging," Opt. Express 15, 2459-2467 (2007)

22. Marion C. Lang, Johann Engelhardt, and Stefan W. Hell, "4Pi microscopy with linear fluorescence excitation," Opt. Lett. 32, 259-261 (2007)

23. Marcus Dyba and Stefan W. Hell, "Photostability of a fluorescent marker under pulsed excited-state depletion through stimulated emission," Appl. Opt. 42, 5123-5129 (2003)

24. Andreas Schönle and Stefan W. Hell, "Calculation of vectorial three-dimensional transfer functions in large-angle focusing systems," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 2121-2126 (2002)

25. Carlo Blanca and Stefan Hell, "Axial superresolution with ultrahigh aperture lenses," Opt. Express 10, 893-898 (2002)

26. Stefan W. Hell, Carlo Mar Blanca, and Jörg Bewersdorf, "Phase determination in interference-based superresolving microscopes through critical frequency analysis," Opt. Lett. 27, 888-890 (2002)

27. Matthias Nagorni and Stefan W. Hell, "Coherent use of opposing lenses for axial resolution increase. II. Power and limitation of nonlinear image restoration," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 49-54 (2001)

28. Matthias Nagorni and Stefan W. Hell, "Coherent use of opposing lenses for axial resolution increase in fluorescence microscopy. I. Comparative study of concepts," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 36-48 (2001)

29. Thomas A. Klar and Stefan W. Hell, "Subdiffraction resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy," Opt. Lett. 24, 954-956 (1999)

30. Stefan W. Hell and Matthias Nagorni, "4Pi confocal microscopy with alternate interference," Opt. Lett. 23, 1567-1569 (1998)

31. Stefan W. Hell, Martin Booth, Stefan Wilms, Christoph M. Schnetter, Achim K. Kirsch, Donna J. Arndt-Jovin, and Thomas M. Jovin, "Two-photon near- and far-field fluorescence microscopy with continuous-wave excitation," Opt. Lett. 23, 1238-1240 (1998)

32. Jörg Bewersdorf, Rainer Pick, and Stefan W. Hell, "Multifocal multiphoton microscopy," Opt. Lett. 23, 655-657 (1998)

33. Andreas Schönle and Stefan W. Hell, "Heating by absorption in the focus of an objective lens," Opt. Lett. 23, 325-327 (1998)

34. Juhani T. Soini, Martin Schrader, Pekka E. Hänninen, and Stefan W. Hell, "Image formation and data acquisition in a stage scanning 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscope," Appl. Opt. 36, 8929-8934 (1997)

35. M. Schrader, M. Kozubek, S. W. Hell, and T. Wilson, "Optical transfer functions of 4Pi confocal microscopes: theory and experiment," Opt. Lett. 22, 436-438 (1997)

36. Stefan W. Hell, Axel R. Utz, Martin Schrader, Pekka E. Hänninen, and Erkki Soini, "Pulsed laser fluorophore deposition: a method for measuring the axial resolution in two-photon fluorescence microscopy," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2072-2076 (1995)

37. Stefan W. Hell and Jan Wichmann, "Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy," Opt. Lett. 19, 780-782 (1994)

38. Stefan W. Hell, Steffen Lindek, Christoph Cremer, and Ernst H. K. Stelzer, "Confocal microscopy with an increased detection aperture: type-B 4Pi confocal microscopy," Opt. Lett. 19, 222-224 (1994)

39. Stefan Hell and Ernst H. K. Stelzer, "Properties of a 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscope," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 2159-2166 (1992)

40. Clemens Rensch, Stefan Hell, Manfred v. Schickfus, and Siegfried Hunklinger, "Laser scanner for direct writing lithography," Appl. Opt. 28, 3754-3758 (1989)

ARTICLES FROM CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

1. A. Chmyrov, J. Keller, T. Grotjohann, C. Eggeling, and S. W. Hell, "RESOLFT Nanoscopy in Living Cells at High Speed," in Optics in the Life Sciences, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper JW3B.1.

2. S. W. Hell, "NANOSCOPY WITH FOCUSED LIGHT," in 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - International Quantum Electronics Conference, (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper PL_2_1.

3. A. Schoenle and S. W. Hell, "Fluorescence Nanoscopy: Eluding the Diffraction Limit by Switching Markers," in CLEO:2011 - Laser Applications to Photonic Applications, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper CThW3.

4. V. Westphal and S. W. Hell, "Advances in STED Nanoscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2011/Laser Science XXVII, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper LTuA4.

5. D. Wildanger, S. W. Hell, J. R. Maze, S. Pezzagna, and J. Meijer, "Creation and Far-Field Optical Detection of Single Spins with Nanometric Resolution," in Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PDPC6.

6. R. Schmidt, A. Egner, and S. W. Hell, "isoSTED - 3-D Optical Nanoscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper FML3.

7. A. Schönle, I. Testa, C. Eggeling, and S. W. Hell, "Single Emitter Switching Based Multicolor Nanoscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper FML4.

8. V. Westphal, S. O. Rizzoli, M. A. Lauterbach, D. Kamin, and S. W. Hell, "Far-Field Optical Nanoscopy," in Advances in Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper NMA1.

9. E. Rittweger, K. Y. Han, S. E. Irvine, J. D. Wildanger, C. Eggeling, and S. W. Hell, "Far-field optical nanoscopy of diamond color centers," in CLEO/Europe and EQEC 2009 Conference Digest, (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper EI3_5.

10. R. Schmidt, A. Egner, and S. W. Hell, "isoSTED Microscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2008/Laser Science XXIV/Plasmonics and Metamaterials/Optical Fabrication and Testing, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper FTuS2.

11. S. E. Irvine, T. Staudt, E. Rittweger, J. Engelhardt, and S. W. Hell, "Light-Controlled Switching of Fluorescence from Mn-Doped ZnSe Quantum Dots," in Frontiers in Optics 2008/Laser Science XXIV/Plasmonics and Metamaterials/Optical Fabrication and Testing, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper FTuS6.

12. S. W. Hell, A. Egner, and R. Schmidt, "New Developments in STED Microscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2008/Laser Science XXIV/Plasmonics and Metamaterials/Optical Fabrication and Testing, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper FTuS1.

13. E. Rittweger, B. R. Rankin, S. E. Irvine, V. Westphal, and S. W. Hell, "Quenching Processes in Fluorescence Nanoscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2008/Laser Science XXIV/Plasmonics and Metamaterials/Optical Fabrication and Testing, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper FTuY5.

14. M. LeMieux, S. N. Barman, J. P. Opatkiewicz, S. L. Hellstrom, M. Roberts, and Z. Bao, "Surface Sorted Metallic Nanotube Thin Films for Transparent Electrodes," in Solar Energy: New Materials and Nanostructured Devices for High Efficiency, (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper SWC2.

15. B. Harke, K. I. Willig, G. Donnert, and S. W. Hell, "Recent Developments in STED-Microscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2007/Laser Science XXIII/Organic Materials and Devices for Displays and Energy Conversion, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper FThB4.

16. S. W. Hell, K. Willig, M. Hofmann, C. Eggeling, and V. Westphal, "Far-Field Fluorescence Microscopy at the Macromolecular Scale," in Frontiers in Optics, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2006), paper JWF1.

17. S. Jakobs, A. Egner, and S. W. Hell, "Fluorescence 3D-microscopy with 100 nm resolution," in Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper TuB5.

18. S. Hell, C. M. Blanca, A. Egner, M. Dyba, V. Westphal, L. Kastrup, and J. Bewersdorf, "STED and 4Pi microscopy to achieve super-resolution," in Frontiers in Optics, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper ThR1.

19. S. Hell and M. Dyba, "Towards far-field fluorescence nanoscopy," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper QML5.

20. S. W. Hell, T. A. Klar, S. Jakobs, and M. Dyba, "Breaking the diffraction limit in far-field light microscopy by stimulated emission," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, G. Agrawal, Y. Yamamoto, T. Norris, and J. Thomas, eds., OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2001), paper QTuA5.

21. M. Straub and S. W. Hell, "Multifocal Multiphoton Microscopy as an efficient 4-D imaging method," in Biomedical Optics, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1999), paper BMA2.

W.E. Moerner

JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Adam S. Backer, Mikael P. Backlund, Matthew D. Lew, and W. E. Moerner, "Single-molecule orientation measurements with a quadrated pupil," Opt. Lett. 38, 1521-1523 (2013)

2. Matthew D. Lew, Steven F. Lee, Majid Badieirostami, and W. E. Moerner, "Corkscrew point spread function for far-field three-dimensional nanoscale localization of pointlike objects," Opt. Lett. 36, 202-204 (2011)

3. Adam E. Cohen and W. E. Moerner, "Controlling Brownian motion of single protein molecules and single fluorophores in aqueous buffer," Opt. Express 16, 6941-6956 (2008)

4. Marcus Asaro, Michael Sheldon, Zhigang Chen, Oksana Ostroverkhova, and W. E. Moerner, "Soliton-induced waveguides in an organic photorefractive glass," Opt. Lett. 30, 519-521 (2005)

5. Zhigang Chen, Marcus Asaro, Oksana Ostroverkhova, W. E. Moerner, Meng He, and R. J. Twieg, "Self-trapping of light in an organic photorefractive glass," Opt. Lett. 28, 2509-2511 (2003)

6. Ulrich Gubler, Daniel Wright, W. E. Moerner, and Marvin B. Klein, "Photochromic polymers for the optical homodyne detection of ultrasonic surface displacements," Opt. Lett. 27, 354-356 (2002)

7. A. Grunnet-Jepsen, C. L. Thompson, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, "Amplified scattering in a high-gain photorefractive polymer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 901-904 (1998)

8. A. Grunnet-Jepsen, C. L. Thompson, and W. E. Moerner, "Systematics of two-wave mixing in a photorefractive polymer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 905-913 (1998)

9. A. Grunnet-Jepsen, C. L. Thompson, and W. E. Moerner, "Measurement of the spatial phase shift in high-gain photorefractive materials," Opt. Lett. 22, 874-876 (1997)

10. M.-P. Bernal, P.M. Lundquist, C. Poga, H. Coufal, R.K. Grygier, R.G. DeVoe, Y. Jia, J.A. Hoffnagle, C. M. Jefferson, W.E. Moerner, R. M. Macfarlane, R. M. Shelby, and G.T. Sincerbox, "Holographic digital data storage in a photorefractive polymer," Opt. Lett. 21, 890-892 (1996)

11. J. J. Stankus, S. M. Silence, W. E. Moerner, and G. C. Bjorklund, "Electric-field-switchable stratified volume holograms in photorefractive polymers," Opt. Lett. 19, 1480-1482 (1994)

12. S. M. Silence, M. C. J. M. Donckers, C. A. Walsh, D. M. Burland, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, "Optical properties of poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-based guest-host photorefractive polymer systems," Appl. Opt. 33, 2218-2222 (1994)

13. S. M. Silence, G. C. Bjorklund, and W. E. Moerner, "Optical trap activation in a photorefractive polymer," Opt. Lett. 19, 1822-1824 (1994)

14. W. E. Moerner, S. M. Silence, F. Hache, and G. C. Bjorklund, "Orientationally enhanced photorefractive effect in polymers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 320-330 (1994)

15. Dug Y. Kim, Petar Vidakovic, W. E. Moerner, R. Twieg, Joseph Zyss, William E. Torruellas, Jin Kang, G. Bjorklund, Christian Bosshard, and George I. Stegeman, "Second-order cascading as the origin of large third-order effects in organic single-crystal-core fibers," Opt. Lett. 19, 868-870 (1994)

16. M. C. J. M. Donckers, S. M. Silence, C. A. Walsh, F. Hache, D. M. Burland, W. E. Moerner, and R. J. Twieg, "Net two-beam-coupling gain in a polymeric photorefractive material," Opt. Lett. 18, 1044-1046 (1993)

17. S. M. Silence, J. C. Scott, F. Hache, E. J. Ginsburg, P. K. Jenkner, R. D. Miller, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, "Poly(silane)-based high-mobility photorefractive polymers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 2306-2312 (1993)

18. C. A. Walsh and W. E. Moerner, "Two-beam coupling measurements of grating phase in a photorefractive polymer: erratum," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 753-753 (1993)

19. J. C. Scott, L. Th. Pautmeier, and W. E. Moerner, "Photoconductivity studies of photorefractive polymers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 2059-2064 (1992)

20. S. M. Silence, C. A. Walsh, J. C. Scott, T. J. Matray, R. J. Twieg, F. Hache, G. C. Bjorklund, and W. E. Moerner, "Subsecond grating growth in a photorefractive polymer," Opt. Lett. 17, 1107-1109 (1992)

21. C. A. Walsh and W. E. Moerner, "Two-beam coupling measurements of grating phase in a photorefractive polymer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 1642-1647 (1992)

22. Th. Basché, W. P. Ambrose, and W. E. Moerner, "Optical spectra and kinetics of single impurity molecules in a polymer: spectral diffusion and persistent spectral hole burning," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 829-836 (1992)

23. W. E. Moerner and Gerald J. Small, "Persistent Spectral Hole Burning: Introduction," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 712-712 (1992)

24. T. P. Carter, C. Bräuchle, V. Y. Lee, M. Manavi, and W. E. Moerner, "Photon-gated spectral hole burning by donor-acceptor electron transfer," Opt. Lett. 12, 370-372 (1987)

25. W. E. Moerner and M. D. Levenson, "Can single-photon processes provide useful materials for frequency-domain optical storage?," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 915-924 (1985)

26. M. Romagnoli, W. E. Moerner, F. M. Schellenberg, M. D. Levenson, and G. C. Bjorklund, "Beyond the bottleneck: submicrosecond hole burning in phthalocyanine," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1, 341-348 (1984)

27. A. L. Huston and W. E. Moerner, "Detection of persistent spectral holes using ultrasonic modulation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1, 349-353 (1984)

28. M. D. Levenson, W. E. Moerner, and D. E. Horne, "FM spectroscopy detection of stimulated Raman gain," Opt. Lett. 8, 108-110 (1983)

29. P. Pokrowsky, W. E. Moerner, F. Chu, and G. C. Bjorklund, "Reading and writing of photochemical holes using GaAlAs-diode lasers," Opt. Lett. 8, 280-282 (1983)

30. A. R. Chraplyvy, W. E. Moerner, and A. J. Sievers, "High-resolution spectroscopy of matrix-isolated ReO4- molecules," Opt. Lett. 6, 254-256 (1981)

31. A. R. Chraplyvy, W. E. Moerner, and A. J. Sievers, "Infrared hole-burning spectroscopy of matrix-isolated ReO4- molecules," Opt. Lett. 6, 431-433 (1981)

ARTICLES FROM CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

1. M. D. Lew, M. P. Backlund, A. S. Backer, S. J. Sahl, G. Grover, A. Agrawal, R. Piestun, and W. E. Moerner, "Measuring the 3D Position and Orientation of Single Molecules Simultaneously and Accurately with the Double Helix Microscope," in CLEO: 2013, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper CTu3N.3.

2. M. D. Lew, M. P. Backlund, A. S. Backer, and W. E. Moerner, "Optical Methods for Measuring Single-Molecule Orientation and Position: Implications for Super-Resolution Microscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2013 Postdeadline, I. Kang, D. Reitze, N. Alic, and D. Hagan, eds., OSA Postdeadline Paper Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper FW6A.6.

3. A. S. Backer, M. P. Backlund, M. D. Lew, and W. E. Moerner, "Single-Molecule Orientation Measurements with a Quadrated Pupil," in Imaging and Applied Optics, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper ITh1D.4.

4. M. Backlund, M. D. Lew, A. S. Backer, S. J. Sahl, G. Grover, A. Agrawal, R. Piestun, and W. E. Moerner, "The Double-Helix Microscope Enables Precise and Accurate Measurement of 3D Single-Molecule Orientation and Localization Beyond the Diffraction Limit," in Optics in the Life Sciences, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper NM2B.2.

5. Q. Wang and W. E. Moerner, "An Adaptive Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic Trap for Prolonged Observation of Single Molecules in Solution," in Frontiers in Optics 2011/Laser Science XXVII, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper FTuS3.

6. M. D. Lew, S. F. Lee, J. L. Ptacin, M. K. Lee, L. Shapiro, and W. E. Moerner, "Super-Resolution 3D Co-Localization of Protein Superstructures and the Cellular Surface in Live Caulobacter crescentus," in Frontiers in Optics 2011/Laser Science XXVII, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper FTuH2.

7. W. E. Moerner, S. Bockenhauer, R. Goldsmith, Y. Jiang, and Q. Wang, "Optical Explorations of Single Biomolecules and Enzymes in Solution with an Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic Trap," in Frontiers in Optics 2011/Laser Science XXVII, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper FTuE1.

8. Y. Jiang, N. Douglas, N. Conley, E. Miller, J. Frydman, and W. E. Moerner, "Studying Subunit Cooperativity by Counting Hydrolyzed ATP on Single Chaperonin Nanomachines in Solution," in Frontiers in Optics 2011/Laser Science XXVII, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper FTuO6.

9. W. E. Moerner, "Optical Tracking Microscopy and Super-Resolution Imaging of Living Cells Beyond the Diffraction Limit," in Optics in the Life Sciences, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper NMB1.

10. M. D. Lew, S. F. Lee, and W. E. Moerner, "Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging with a Corkscrew Point Spread Function," in Optics in the Life Sciences, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper NMB2.

11. M. A. Thompson, M. D. Lew, M. Badieirostami, and W. E. Moerner, "Localizing and Tracking Single Emitters in Three Dimensions Using a Double-Helix Point Spread Function," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2010, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper CThCC3.

12. W. E. Moerner, "Single-Molecule Approaches for Superresolution Imaging, Trapping, and Nanophotonics," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2010, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper CThCC1.

13. Y. Jiang, N. Douglas, N. Conley, E. Miller, J. Frydman, and W. E. Moerner, "Suppression of Brownian Motion Explores Cooperativity for Single Multi-Subunit Enzymes in Solution," in Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper FTuM1.

14. M. Lew, M. A. Thompson, M. Badieirostami, and W. E. Moerner, "Localization Precision of Three-Dimensional Superresolution Fluorescence Imaging Using a Double-Helix Point Spread Function," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper CThA4.

15. W. E. Moerner, M. Thompson, M. Lew, M. Badieirostami, S. J. Lord, N. R. Conley, H. D. Lee, S. R. P. Pavani, and R. Piestun, "Three-Dimensional Superresolution Using Single-Molecule Photoswitches and a Double-Helix PSF," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper CTuD1.

16. A. A. Kinkhabwala, Z. Yu, S. Fan, Y. Avlasevich, K. Mullen, and W. E. Moerner, "Large Single-Molecule Fluorescence Enhancements Produced by a Bowtie Nanoantenna," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper FMH2.

17. Y. Jiang, A. Cohen, N. Douglas, J. Frydman, and W. E. Moerner, "Determining Single-Molecule ATP Binding Stoichiometry in a Multi-Subunit Enzyme with a Hardware-Based Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic Trap," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper FWM2.

18. K. Rivoire, A. Kinkhabwala, W. E. Moerner, J. Vuckovic, F. Hatami, W. T. Masselink, Y. Avlasevich, and K. Müllen, "Probing High-Q Photonic Crystal Resonances with Fluorescent Molecules," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper ITuN1.

19. M. A. Thompson, S. R. Pavani, J. S. Biteen, R. Piestun, and W. E. Moerner, "Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Using a Double-Helix Point Spread Function," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper IMG3.

20. S. Bockenhauer, A. Fürstenberg, Q. Wang, M. Bokoch, X. J. Yao, B. DeVree, R. K. Sunahara, B. K. Kobilka, and W. E. Moerner, "Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) Trapping of Single High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Particles," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper JWC16.

21. S. J. Lord, H. D. Lee, N. R. Conley, M. K. Lee, M. A. Thompson, R. Samuel, R. Weber, N. Liu, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, "Photoactivatable Push-Pull Fluorophores for Single-Molecule Imaging in and out of Cells," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper LSWD2.

22. R. H. Goldsmith, Y. Jiang, and W. E. Moerner, "Watching Photophysics in Action: Single-Molecule Solution-Phase Studies of a Trapped Photosynthetic Antenna Protein," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper LSWA4.

23. W. E. Moerner, "Single-Molecule Biophysical Imaging, Superresolution, and Trapping," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper LSWA1.

24. Q. Wang, A. Fürstenberg, S. Bockenhauer, and W. E. Moerner, "An FPGA-Based Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic Trap for Studying Single Molecules in Solution," in Frontiers in Optics 2009/Laser Science XXV/Fall 2009 OSA Optics & Photonics Technical Digest, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper LSTuF3.

25. S. R. P. Pavani, R. Piestun, M. A. Thompson, J. S. Biteen, and W. E. Moerner, "Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging with a Double-Helix Microscope," in Advances in Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper NMA5.

26. J. S. Biteen, M. A. Thompson, N. K. Tselentis, L. Shapiro, and W. E. Moerner, "Superresolution Imaging in Live Bacterial Cells by Single-Molecule Active-Control Microscopy," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper CFT2.

27. W. E. Moerner, "Single-Molecule Biophysical Imaging, Nanophotonics and Trapping," in Frontiers in Optics 2007/Laser Science XXIII/Organic Materials and Devices for Displays and Energy Conversion, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JMC1.

28. F. Jäckel, A. A. Kinkhabwala, and W. E. Moerner, "Bowtie Nanoantennas as Substrates for Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)," in Frontiers in Optics 2007/Laser Science XXIII/Organic Materials and Devices for Displays and Energy Conversion, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper FThF3.

29. W. E. Moerner, "Single-Molecule Biophysical Imaging, Nanophotonics and Trapping," in Frontiers in Optics 2007/Laser Science XXIII/Organic Materials and Devices for Displays and Energy Conversion, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper JMC1.

30. W. E. Moerner, P. J. Schuck, D. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, and G. Kino, "Nanophotonics and Single Molecules," in Frontiers in Optics, OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper LTuC4.

31. O. Ostroverkhova, W. E. Moerner, Z. Chen, M. Asaro, M. Sheldon, M. He, and R. J. Twieg, "Recent Advances in Photorefractive Organic Materials," in Photorefractive Effects, Materials, and Devices, G. Zhang, D. Kip, D. Nolte, and J. Xu, eds., Vol. 99 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper 307.

32. P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, W. E. Moerner, A. Sundaramurthy, and G. Kino, "Gold Bowtie Nanoantennas: Improving the Mismatch between Light and Nanoscale Objects," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper QMH1.

33. Z. Chen, W. E. Moerner, R. J. Twieg, M. Sheldon, M. Asaro, O. Ostroverkhova, and M. He, "Soliton-induced waveguides in a photorefractive organic glass," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper CMT4.

34. E. P. Thrush, O. Levi, L. J. Cook, J. Deich, S. J. Smith, W. E. Moerner, and J. S. Harris, "Integrated semiconductor bio-fluorescence sensor integrated on micro-fluidic platform," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper CThI3.

35. K. A. Willets, W. E. Moerner, P. R. Callis, and R. J. Twieg, "Experimental and theoretical investigations of environmentally sensitive single-molecule fluorophores," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper IWA25.

36. D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, P. J. Schuck, K. Crozier, G. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, "Gap-dependent optical coupling of single "bowtie" nanoantennas in the visible," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper IWG7.

37. J. A. Matteo, D. P. Fromm, Y. Yuen, P. J. Schuck, W. E. Moerner, and L. Hesselink, "Spectral study of enhanced transmission through single C-shaped nano-apertures," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper IWA34.

38. E. P. Thrush, O. Levi, W. Ha, J. S. Harris, S. J. Smith, A. Kurtz, J. Hwang, and W. Moerner, "Integrated semiconductor fluorescence sensor for portable bio-medical diagnostics," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper CTuU1.

39. Z. Chen, M. Asaro, O. Ostroverkhova, W. E. Moerner, R. J. Twieg, M. He, and G. Salamo, "Self-trapping of light in a photorefractive organic glass," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper CThE1.

40. Z. Chen, M. Asaro, O. Ostroverkhova, W. E. Moerner, M. He, and R. J. Twieg, "Optically induced focusing-to-defocusing switching and self-trapping of light in a photorefractive organic glass," in Photorefractive Effects, Materials, and Devices, P. Delaye, C. Denz, L. Mager, and G. Montemezzani, eds., Vol. 87 of OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper 425.

41. W. E. Moerner, O. Ostroverkhova, and K. A. Willets, "Optically sensing the state of a single molecule," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper QMA2.

42. K. B. Crozier, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, C. F. Quate, D. P. Fromm, and W. E. Moerner, "Field enhancement and resonance in optical antennas," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper QTuD3.

43. D. Wright, S. Sadhukhan, W. E. Moerner, M. DeClue, and J. Siegel, "A new charge transporting polymer for photorefractive applications," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, J. Kafka, K. Vahala, R. Williamson, and A. Willner, eds., OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2001), paper CThE4.

44. U. Gubler, D. Wright, W. E. Moerner, and M. Klein, "Photorefractive and photochromic polymers as adaptive beam combiners for laser-based ultrasound detection," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, J. Kafka, K. Vahala, R. Williamson, and A. Willner, eds., OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2001), paper CThE7.

45. W. E. Moerner, A. Grunnet-Jepsen, D. Wright, M. S. DeClue, J. S. Siegel, and R. J. Twieg, "Understanding photorefractivity in high-performance polymer composites," in Advances in Photorefractive Materials, Effects and Devices, P. Andersen, P. Johansen, H. Pedersen, P. Petersen, and M. Saffman, eds., Vol. 27 of Trends in Optics and Photonics (Optical Society of America, 1999), paper OPM1.

46. M. B. Klein, G. David Bacher, A. Grunnet-Jepsen, D. Wright, and W. E. Moerner, "Homodyne detection of ultrasonic surface displacements using two-wave mixing in photorefractive polymers," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, C. Chang-Hasnain, W. Knox, J. Kafka, and K. Vahala, eds., OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1999), paper CFB2.

47. W. E. Moerner, A. Grunnet-Jepsen, D. Wright, J. Casperson, E. Glazer, M. DeClue, J. S. Siegel, and R. J. Twieg, "Understanding trapping in photorefractive polymer composites for optical processing applications," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, P. Bucksbaum, R. Falcone, G. Agrawal, and Y. Yamamoto, eds., OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1999), paper QThC6.

48. M. A. Diaz-Garcia, D. Wright, M. DeClue, J. Casperson, B. R. Smith, W. E. Moerner, and R. J. Twieg, "HIGH-SPEED PHOTOREFRACTIVE POLYMER COMPOSITES," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, D. Scifres and A. Weiner, eds., (Optical Society of America, 1998), paper CPD19.

49. W. E. Moerner, A. Grunnet-Jepsen, D. A. Wright, and B. R. Smith, "Recent advances in high-gain photorefractive polymers," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, D. Scifres and A. Weiner, eds., (Optical Society of America, 1998), paper CMH3.

50. R. J. Twieg, F. You, R. Wortmann, R. Matschiner, C. Glania, K. Lukaszuk, P. Kramer, W. E. Moerner, D. Wright, M. Diaz-Garcia, P. M. Lundquist, C. Geletneky, M. Jurich, V. Y. Lee, C. R. Moylan, and D. M. Burland, "Photorefractive effects in organic glass," in International Quantum Electronics Conference, P. Corkum and N. Peyghambarian, eds., Vol. 7 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1998), paper QTuC3.

51. P. M. Lundquist, C. Poga, R. G. DeVoe, Y. Jia, W. E. Moerner, R. M. Shelby, and J. A. Hoffnagle, "Holographic data storage in photorefractive polymers," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, J. Bowers, D. Miller, D. Scifres, and A. Weiner, eds., Vol. 9 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1996), paper CTuA4.

52. J. J. Stankus, S. M. Silence, R. J. Twieg, D. M. Burland, G. C. Bjorklund, and W. E. Moerner, "Stratified volume photorefractive polymer structures," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, T. Baer, A. Smirl, J. Bowers, and D. Miller, eds., Vol. 8 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1994), paper CMJ3.

53. A. B. Myers, P. Tchénio, and W. E. Moerner, "Vibronic spectroscopy of individual molecules in solids," in International Quantum Electronics Conference, J. Shah, C. Weiman, R. Freman, and J. Fujimoto, eds., Vol. 9 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1994), paper QTuP1.

54. S. M. Silence, J. J. Stankus, C. A. Walsh, J. C. Scott, R. J. Twieg, R. D. Miller, D. M. Burland, W. E. Moerner, and C. C. Bjorklund, "Progress in photorefractive polymers," in International Quantum Electronics Conference, J. Shah, C. Weiman, R. Freman, and J. Fujimoto, eds., Vol. 9 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1994), paper QTuN2.

55. S. M. Silence, M. C. J. M. Donckers, C. A. Walsh, F. Hache, E. J. Ginsburg, P. K. Jenkner, J. C. Scott, R. J. Twieg, R. D. Miller, G. C. Bjorklund, D. M. Burland, and W. E. Moerner, "Recent progress in photorefractive polymers," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, D. Auston, D. Steel, T. Heinz, and G. Stegeman, eds., Vol. 12 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1993), paper QME1.

56. W. E. Moerner, C. A. Walsh, J. C. Scott, D. M. Burland, G. C. Bjorklund, and R. J. Twieg, "Photorefractivity in doped nonlinear polymers," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, A. Johnson, R. Lind, T. Baer, and A. Smirl, eds., Vol. 12 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1992), paper CMG3.

57. W. E. Moerner, T. Basché, and W. P. Ambrose, "A solid as a single-molecule trap: observation of spectral diffusion and hole-burning on the single-center level," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, E. Ippen, S. Chu, J. Shah, and C. Weiman, eds., Vol. 13 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1992), paper QTuL1.

58. W. E. Moerner, S. Ducharme, J. C. Scott, and R. J. Twieg, "Observation of the photorefractive effect in doped nonlinear polymers," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, D. Auston, D. Chemla, T. McIlrath, and D. Steel, eds., Vol. 11 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1991), paper QWJ6.

59. W. E. Moerner and W. P. Ambrose, "Spectral diffusion of single impurity centers in crystals," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, D. Auston, D. Chemla, T. McIlrath, and D. Steel, eds., Vol. 11 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1991), paper QFA8.

60. W. E. Moerner and L. Kador, "OPTICAL DETECTION AND SPECTROSCOPY OF SINGLE MOLECULES IN SOLIDS," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, A. Nurmikko, D. Pritchard, D. Chemla, and T. McIlrath, eds., Vol. 12 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1989), paper QPD5.

61. S. DUCHARME, G. C. BJORKLUND, H. LOOSER, R. J. TWIEG, and W. E. MOERNER, "Possibility for photorefractive effects in organic electrooptic crystals," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, A. Nurmikko, D. Pritchard, D. Chemla, and T. McIlrath, eds., Vol. 12 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1989), paper WDD9.

Eric Betzig

JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Daniel E. Milkie, Eric Betzig, and Na Ji, "Pupil-segmentation-based adaptive optical microscopy with full-pupil illumination," Opt. Lett. 36, 4206-4208 (2011)

2. Eric Betzig, "Excitation strategies for optical lattice microscopy," Opt. Express 13, 3021-3036 (2005)

3. E. Betzig, "Proposed method for molecular optical imaging," Opt. Lett. 20, 237-239 (1995)

4. T. D. Harris, R. D. Grober, J. K. Trautman, and E. Betzig, "Super-Resolution Imaging Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 48, 14A-21A (1994)

5. E. Betzig, J. K. Trautman, J. S. Weiner, T. D. Harris, and R. Wolfe, "Polarization contrast in near-field scanning optical microscopy," Appl. Opt. 31, 4563-4568 (1992)

6. Eric Betzig, A. Harootunian, A. Lewis, and M. Isaacson, "Near-field diffraction by a slit: implications for superresolution microscopy," Appl. Opt. 25, 1890-1900 (1986)

ARTICLES FROM CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

1. N. Ji and E. Betzig, "Zonal Adaptive Optical Microscopy," in Frontiers in Optics 2011/Laser Science XXVII, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper LTuA5.

2. H. Shroff, C. G. Galbraith, J. A. Galbraith, H. White, J. Gillette, S. Olenych, M. W. Davidson, and E. Betzig, "Dual-Color Superresolution Imaging Using Genetically Expressed Probes," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2008), paper CFT1.

3. E. Moll, Y. J. Chai, K. A. Williams, R. V. Penty, and I. H. White, "Noise Suppression in a Novel Monolithically Integrated Michelson Interferometer," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper JThE3.

4. E. Betzig, "Dynamic Superresolution Optical Lattice Microscopy," in Frontiers in Optics, OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper LTuC5.

5. E. Betzig, "Sparse and Composite Optical Lattices: Implications for Live Cell Imaging," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2005), paper JThE39.

6. G. Merritt, E. Monson, S. Smith, X. Zhao, E. Betzig, B. Orr, T. Norris, and R. Kopelman, "Recent advances in near-field optics: Instrumental and applications," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, R. Freeman and P. Corkum, eds., Vol. 10 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1996), paper QMC3.

7. E. Betzig, "The renaissance in microscopy," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, T. Deutsch, J. Goldsmith, D. Killinger, and G. Valley, eds., Vol. 15 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1995), paper JMC1.

8. E. Betzig, "The renaissance in microscopy," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, T. Heinz, G. Stegeman, J. Bokor, and R. Slusher, eds., Vol. 16 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1995), paper JMC1.

9. S. G. Grubb, E. Betzig, R. J. Chichester, D. J. DiGiovanni, and J. S. Weiner, "Fiber-laser probe for near-field scanning microscopy," in Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Vol. 4 of 1994 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, 1994), paper WK12.

10. E. Betzig, "Optics beyond the diffraction limit," in Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, D. Auston, D. Steel, T. Heinz, and G. Stegeman, eds., Vol. 12 of OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 1993), paper QMF5.